机器目前正在运行，我尚未尝试重新启动。
运行后sudo apt upgrade，我在输出中看到：
Setting up grub-efi-amd64-bin (2.04-1ubuntu44) ...
Setting up grub2-common (2.02-2ubuntu8.23) ...
Setting up ubuntu-release-upgrader-core (1:18.04.44) ...
Setting up grub-efi-amd64 (2.04-1ubuntu44) ...
Installing for x86_64-efi platform.
EFI variables are not supported on this system.
EFI variables are not supported on this system.
grub-install: error: efibootmgr failed to register the boot entry: No such file or directory.
Failed: grub-install --target=x86_64-efi
WARNING: Bootloader is not properly installed, system may not be bootable
Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub'
Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/50-cloudimg-settings.cfg'
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-142-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-142-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-141-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-141-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-136-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-136-generic
done
Setting up grub-efi-amd64-signed (1.167~18.04.1+2.04-1ubuntu44) ...
Installing for x86_64-efi platform.
EFI variables are not supported on this system.
Installation finished. No error reported.
这表明存在问题。我运行grub-emu，并看到以下输出：
error: sparse file not allowed.
error: no such device: 21b294f1-25bd-4265-9c4e-d6e4aeb57e97.
error: can't find command `linux'.
error: can't find command `initrd'.
无论我在 中选择什么选项grub-emu，我都会得到相同的结果。
如果我运行file -s /dev/sda，我会看到：
/dev/sda: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=6e1fd477-4aec-4323-83b8-55c419ce471f (needs journal recovery) (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files)
我需要做什么来修复这台服务器？
编辑：
$ cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=cloudimg-rootfs / ext4 defaults 0 0
LABEL=UEFI /boot/efi vfat defaults 0 0
我意识到我错了，/dev/sda不是我的启动驱动器，/dev/vda是（这是一个 digitalocean vm）：
$ file -s /dev/vda
/dev/vda: DOS/MBR boot sector, extended partition table (last)
$ lsblk -o +PARTUUID /dev/vda
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT PARTUUID
vda 252:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─vda1 252:1 0 49.9G 0 part / bcf3ccb8-bce6-4498-93fb-1b9bd59fc81c
├─vda14 252:14 0 4M 0 part 2081abbc-a4ba-496a-b391-07952095f65d
└─vda15 252:15 0 106M 0 part /boot/efi ee783a1a-c5d0-42d9-b874-71796971f49b
$ bootctl --path /boot/efi status
File system "/boot/efi" has wrong type for an EFI System Partition (ESP).
System:
Not booted with EFI
Boot Loader Binaries:
ESP: /boot/efi
systemd-boot not installed in ESP.
File: └─/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI
Default Boot Entry:
Failed to open "/boot/efi/loader/loader.conf": No such file or directory
Failed to read boot config from "/boot/efi/loader/loader.conf": No such file or directory
Failed to load bootspec config from "/boot/efi/loader": No such file or directory
$ sudo tree -p /boot/efi
/boot/efi
├── [drwxr-xr-x] EFI
│ ├── [drwxr-xr-x] BOOT
│ │ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] BOOTX64.CSV
│ │ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] BOOTX64.EFI
│ │ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] fbx64.efi
│ │ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] grub.cfg
│ │ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] grubx64.efi
│ │ └── [-rwxr-xr-x] mmx64.efi
│ └── [drwxr-xr-x] ubuntu
│ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] BOOTX64.CSV
│ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] grub.cfg
│ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] grubx64.efi
│ ├── [-rwxr-xr-x] mmx64.efi
│ └── [-rwxr-xr-x] shimx64.efi
└── [drwxr-xr-x] boot
└── [drwxr-xr-x] grub
└── [-rwxr-xr-x] grub.cfg
答案1
日志恢复通常在挂载文件系统时自动执行。如果你想手动执行，你可以确保文件系统不是然后安装跑步e2fsck。