我已完全更新了 Ubuntu 16.04.7 LTS amd64，并使用以下命令配置了 RMarkdown/bookdown、LaTeX 发布：
sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/r-cran.list
deb https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu xenial/
EOF
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E298A3A825C0D65DFD57CBB651716619E084DAB9
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y r-base-dev libssl-dev libjpeg62 libgstreamer0.10-0 libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-0 calibre
sudo apt-get install -y biber texlive-lang-cyrillic fonts-cmu texlive-xetex texlive-fonts-extra texlive-math-extra font-manager ttf-mscorefonts-installer lmodern
sudo apt-get install -y build-essential libcurl4-openssl-dev libxml2-dev libcairo2-dev git
wget https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/releases/download/2.11.4/pandoc-2.11.4-1-amd64.deb -O /tmp/pandoc.deb
sudo apt-get install -y /tmp/pandoc.deb
wget -c https://download1.rstudio.org/desktop/xenial/amd64/rstudio-1.4.1106-amd64.deb -O /tmp/rstudio.deb
sudo apt-get install -y /tmp/rstudio.deb
mkdir -p ~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4
R -e "install.packages(c('bookdown','tikzDevice','xaringan'), repos='http://cran.rstudio.com/', lib='/home/$USER/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4')"
这意味着它/etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list包含以下几行：
$ grep ^deb -r /etc/apt/ --include=*.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/r-cran.list:deb https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu xenial/ /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse
该系统具有以下一组 R 包：
$ dpkg -l | grep "^ii r-" ii r-base 3.4.4-1xenial0 all GNU R statistical computation and graphics system ii r-base-core 3.4.4-1xenial0 amd64 GNU R core of statistical computation and graphics system ii r-base-dev 3.4.4-1xenial0 all GNU R installation of auxiliary GNU R packages ii r-base-html 3.4.4-1xenial0 all GNU R html docs for statistical computing system functions ii r-cran-boot 1.3-20-1xenial0 all GNU R package for bootstrapping functions from Davison and Hinkley ii r-cran-class 7.3-14-2xenial0 amd64 GNU R package for classification ii r-cran-cluster 2.0.7-1-1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package for cluster analysis by Rousseeuw et al ii r-cran-codetools 0.2-15-1cran1xenial0 all GNU R package "Code Analysis Tools for R" ii r-cran-foreign 0.8.70-1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package to read/write data from other stat. systems ii r-cran-kernsmooth 2.23-15-3xenial0 amd64 GNU R package for kernel smoothing and density estimation ii r-cran-lattice 0.20-38-1cran1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package "Trellis Graphics for R" ii r-cran-mass 7.3-50-1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package of Venables and Ripley's MASS ii r-cran-matrix 1.2-14-1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package of classes for dense and sparse matrices ii r-cran-mgcv 1.8-28-1cran1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package "Mixed GAM Computation Vehicle with ii r-cran-nlme 3.1.137-1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package for (non-)linear mixed effects models ii r-cran-nnet 7.3-12-2xenial0 amd64 GNU R package for feed-forward neural networks ii r-cran-rpart 4.1-15-1cran1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package "Recursive Partitioning and Regression ii r-cran-spatial 7.3-11-1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package for spatial statistics ii r-cran-survival 2.44-1.1-1cran1xenial0 amd64 GNU R package "Survival Analysis" ii r-doc-html 3.4.4-1xenial0 all GNU R html manuals for statistical computing system ii r-recommended 3.4.4-1xenial0 all GNU R collection of recommended packages [metapackage]
根据以前的经验，我知道一些 R 包比 Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS 官方存储库中的版本更新。
在这种情况下，我应该如何正确将 Ubuntu 16.04.7 LTS 升级到 Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS？
答案1
要完美地从 CRAN 运行带有 R 3.4 的 Ubuntu 16.04.7 LTS 升级过程，应该执行以下操作：
备份已安装的 R 包列表
dpkg -l | grep "^ii r-" | awk '{print $2}' > ~/r-debs.txt删除 CRAN
r-cran.listAPT 源文件sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/r-cran.list删除 R 包
sudo apt-get autoremove $(cat r-debs.txt) --purge使用官方存储库中的版本安装 R 包
sudo apt-get install $(cat r-debs.txt)安装可能的更新
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get dist-upgrade然后重新启动。
照常使用
sudo do-release-upgrade或升级 Ubuntuupdate-manager -c。使用以下命令升级 RStudio：
wget -c https://download1.rstudio.org/desktop/bionic/amd64/rstudio-1.4.1717-amd64.deb -O /tmp/rstudio.deb sudo apt-get install -y /tmp/rstudio.deb
最终的 Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS 系统将拥有来自官方存储库的功能齐全的 R 3.4。