最近，我将一台 Windows 10 计算机格式化为 Ubuntu 22，并通过 USB 棒进行安装。这台计算机有两个存储磁盘（一个 2 TB 的 HDD 和一个 256 GB 的 SSD），我将 Ubuntu 安装在 SSD 上，并决定将 HDD 完全清空。
今天早些时候，我在 Ubuntu 中遇到了一些声音问题，我不记得以前在 Windows 中出现过这些问题，但为了仔细检查，我决定在空硬盘上创建一个 300 GB 的分区并在那里安装 Windows 10，看看错误是否也会发生在那里。
当我尝试从 USB 驱动器安装 Windows 10 时，我在安装的高级阶段遇到了错误（“Windows 无法准备计算机以启动到安装的下一阶段”），导致安装过程停止。我决定再试一次，以为我在过程的早期做错了什么，但后来我无法使用我之前尝试过的相同分区，因为它不再是空的，或者类似的东西（我忘记了 Windows 安装管理器输出的确切错误）。然后，使用 Windows 安装程序中的“分区管理器”，我清空了该分区以及 Windows 安装创建的一些其他分区（我只清空/删除了 2 TB HDD 中的分区，而 SSD 保持不变），然后尝试再次安装 Windows。我遇到了之前遇到的相同错误，并决定忘记安装 Windows。
接下来，当我再次打开电脑时，它直接启动到 BIOS 管理器，Ubuntu 22 分区没有列为启动选项之一。我决定使用 Ubuntu USB 棒来看看是否能了解可能出了什么问题，使用 GParted 我可以看到 SSD 仍然被识别但无法安装。以下是 GParted 的屏幕截图：
（“标签：Recuperação”的意思类似于“标签：恢复”）
当我双击 /dev/sdb1 分区并获取更多信息时，这是输出：
Warning:
Failed to read last sector (1083390): Invalid argument
HINTS: Either the volume is a RAID/LDM but it wasn't setup yet,
or it was not setup correctly (e.g. by not using mdadm --build ...),
or a wrong device is tried to be mounted,
or the partition table is corrupt (partition is smaller than NTFS),
or the NTFS boot sector is corrupt (NTFS size is not valid).
Failed to mount '/dev/sdb1': Invalid argument
The device '/dev/sdb1' doesn't have a valid NTFS.
Maybe you selected the wrong device? Or the whole disk instead of a
partition (e.g. /dev/hda, not /dev/hda1)? Or the other way around?
Failed to open '/dev/sdb1'.
Failed to read last sector (1083390): Invalid argument
HINTS: Either the volume is a RAID/LDM but it wasn't setup yet,
or it was not setup correctly (e.g. by not using mdadm --build ...),
or a wrong device is tried to be mounted,
or the partition table is corrupt (partition is smaller than NTFS),
or the NTFS boot sector is corrupt (NTFS size is not valid).
Failed to mount '/dev/sdb1': Invalid argument
The device '/dev/sdb1' doesn't have a valid NTFS.
Maybe you selected the wrong device? Or the whole disk instead of a
partition (e.g. /dev/hda, not /dev/hda1)? Or the other way around?
Unable to read the contents of this file system!
Because of this some operations may be unavailable.
The cause might be a missing software package.
The following list of software packages is required for ntfs file system support: ntfs-3g / ntfsprogs.
我尝试使用 GParted“检查”工具修复此分区，但遇到同样的错误。
那么，我的问题是，如果可能的话，我如何使用 GParted 来恢复该分区，或者是否可以使用我之前安装时使用的相同的 Ubuntu 22 USB 记忆棒来恢复它。
编辑：BootInfo 摘要报告的链接：https://paste.ubuntu.com/p/BD3NcNSNv2/
============================== Boot Info Summary ===============================
=> No boot loader is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda.
=> No boot loader is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb.
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System:
Boot files:
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows 8/10/11/2012: NTFS
Boot sector info: According to the info in the boot sector, sdb1 has
1083391 sectors, but according to the info from fdisk,
it has 1048575 sectors.
Mounting failed: Failed to read last sector (1083390): Invalid argument
HINTS: Either the volume is a RAID/LDM but it wasn't setup yet,
or it was not setup correctly (e.g. by not using mdadm --build ...),
or a wrong device is tried to be mounted,
or the partition table is corrupt (partition is smaller than NTFS),
or the NTFS boot sector is corrupt (NTFS size is not valid).
Failed to mount '/dev/sdb1': Invalid argument
The device '/dev/sdb1' doesn't seem to have a valid NTFS.
Maybe the wrong device is used? Or the whole disk instead of a
partition (e.g. /dev/sda, not /dev/sda1)? Or the other way around?
Failed to read last sector (1083390): Invalid argument
HINTS: Either the volume is a RAID/LDM but it wasn't setup yet,
or it was not setup correctly (e.g. by not using mdadm --build ...),
or a wrong device is tried to be mounted,
or the partition table is corrupt (partition is smaller than NTFS),
or the NTFS boot sector is corrupt (NTFS size is not valid).
Failed to mount '/dev/sdb1': Invalid argument
The device '/dev/sdb1' doesn't seem to have a valid NTFS.
Maybe the wrong device is used? Or the whole disk instead of a
partition (e.g. /dev/sda, not /dev/sda1)? Or the other way around?
sdb2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab /etc/default/grub
sdc: ___________________________________________________________________________
File system: iso9660
Boot sector type: Grub2 (v1.99-2.00)
Boot sector info: Grub2 (v1.99-2.00) is installed in the boot sector of
sdc and looks at sector 0 of the same hard drive for
core.img, but core.img can not be found at this
location.
Mounting failed: mount: /mnt/BootInfo/FD/sdc: /dev/sdc already mounted or mount point busy.
================================ 1 OS detected =================================
OS#1: Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS on sdb2
================================ Host/Hardware =================================
CPU architecture: 64-bit
Video: Caicos [Radeon HD 6450/7450/8450 / R5 230 OEM] from Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI]
Live-session OS is Ubuntu 64-bit (Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS, jammy, x86_64)
===================================== UEFI =====================================
BIOS/UEFI firmware: 2416(5.13) from American Megatrends Inc.
The firmware is EFI-compatible, and is set in EFI-mode for this live-session.
SecureBoot enabled according to mokutil - Please report this message to [email protected].
BootCurrent: 0001
Timeout: 1 seconds
BootOrder: 0001
Boot0001* UEFI: KingstonDT 101 G2 PMAP, Partition 2 PciRoot(0x0)/Pci(0x14,0x0)/USB(7,0)/HD(2,GPT,f45e2fa1-c5a6-4d79-876d-c8245af921e0,0x95f864,0x2754)..BO
============================= Drive/Partition Info =============================
Disks info: ____________________________________________________________________
sda : is-GPT, no-BIOSboot, has-noESP, not-usb, not-mmc, no-os, no-wind, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
sdb : is-GPT, no-BIOSboot, has---ESP, not-usb, not-mmc, has-os, no-wind, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
Partitions info (1/3): _________________________________________________________
sda1 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, farbios
sdb1 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, not-far
sdb2 : is-os, 64, apt-get, signed grub-pc grub-efi , grub2, grub-install, grubenv-ok, update-grub, farbios
Partitions info (2/3): _________________________________________________________
sda1 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdb1 : is---ESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdb2 : isnotESP, fstab-has-bad-efi, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
Partitions info (3/3): _________________________________________________________
sda1 : maybesepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sda
sdb1 : not--sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdb
sdb2 : not--sepboot, with-boot, fstab-without-boot, not-sep-usr, with--usr, fstab-without-usr, std-grub.d, sdb
fdisk -l (filtered): ___________________________________________________________
Disk sda: 1.82 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Disk identifier: 03A3614D-E623-4463-A1DF-B71987932D26
Start End Sectors Size Type
sda1 2048 3907028991 3907026944 1.8T Linux filesystem
Disk sdb: 223.57 GiB, 240057409536 bytes, 468862128 sectors
Disk identifier: 6ABAEFB0-0832-477B-B7E2-5BA4DC728AFC
Start End Sectors Size Type
sdb1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
sdb2 1050624 468860927 467810304 223.1G Linux filesystem
Disk sdc: 14.53 GiB, 15606349824 bytes, 30481152 sectors
Disk identifier: F45E2FA1-C5A6-4D79-876F-C8245AF921E0
Start End Sectors Size Type
sdc1 64 9828451 9828388 4.7G Microsoft basic data
sdc2 9828452 9838519 10068 4.9M EFI System
sdc3 9838520 9839119 600 300K Microsoft basic data
sdc4 9842688 30481088 20638401 9.8G Linux filesystem
parted -lm (filtered): _________________________________________________________
sda:2000GB:scsi:512:4096:gpt:ATA ST2000VX008-2E31:;
1:1049kB:2000GB:2000GB:ext4::;
sdb:240GB:scsi:512:512:gpt:ATA ADATA SU630:;
1:1049kB:538MB:537MB:ntfs:EFI System Partition:boot, esp;
2:538MB:240GB:240GB:ext4::;
sdc:15.6GB:scsi:512:512:gpt:Kingston DT 101 G2:;
1:32.8kB:5032MB:5032MB::ISO9660:hidden, msftdata;
2:5032MB:5037MB:5155kB::Appended2:boot, esp;
3:5037MB:5038MB:307kB::Gap1:hidden, msftdata;
4:5039MB:15.6GB:10.6GB:ext4::;
blkid (filtered): ______________________________________________________________
NAME FSTYPE UUID PARTUUID LABEL PARTLABEL
sda
└─sda1 ext4 36b4b1d0-800e-4932-9e84-16491804f34a b7d07aab-beda-4dc2-b71c-2f3aeb5e2151
sdb
├─sdb1 ntfs D00AC0220AC00784 85f53d02-d29d-413a-8397-c54b128a3e06 Recuperação EFI System Partition
└─sdb2 ext4 ef972d4e-1b30-4111-b572-f50a35263ee9 099e66d2-1e4b-42c2-adb5-8ecb24e810d0
sdc iso9660 2023-08-08-01-19-05-00 Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS amd64
├─sdc1 iso9660 2023-08-08-01-19-05-00 f45e2fa1-c5a6-4d79-876e-c8245af921e0 Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS amd64 ISO9660
├─sdc2 vfat F7DB-4D56 f45e2fa1-c5a6-4d79-876d-c8245af921e0 ESP Appended2
├─sdc3 f45e2fa1-c5a6-4d79-876c-c8245af921e0 Gap1
└─sdc4 ext4 205ad84b-7713-45f6-b896-559938e0d683 fd2e93c8-7e6b-1b42-abf1-6da693f5d375 writable
Mount points (filtered): _______________________________________________________
Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/disk/by-label/writable[/install-logs-2023-11-08.1/crash] 9.1G 0% /var/crash
/dev/disk/by-label/writable[/install-logs-2023-11-08.1/log] 9.1G 0% /var/log
/dev/sda1 1.7T 0% /mnt/boot-sav/sda1
/dev/sdb2 56.9G 69% /media/ubuntu/ef972d4e-1b30-4111-b572-f50a35263ee9
/dev/sdc1 0 100% /cdrom
Mount options (filtered): ______________________________________________________
====================== sdb2/boot/grub/grub.cfg (filtered) ======================
Ubuntu ef972d4e-1b30-4111-b572-f50a35263ee9
Ubuntu, with Linux 6.2.0-36-generic ef972d4e-1b30-4111-b572-f50a35263ee9
Ubuntu, with Linux 6.2.0-26-generic ef972d4e-1b30-4111-b572-f50a35263ee9
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
========================== sdb2/etc/fstab (filtered) ===========================
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sdb2 during installation
UUID=ef972d4e-1b30-4111-b572-f50a35263ee9 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sda2 during installation
UUID=2C42-47CD /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
/swapfile none swap sw 0 0
======================= sdb2/etc/default/grub (filtered) =======================
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden
GRUB_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
==================== sdb2: Location of files loaded by Grub ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
61.855365753 = 66.416693248 boot/grub/grub.cfg 1
61.263824463 = 65.781530624 boot/vmlinuz 1
84.021610260 = 90.217517056 boot/vmlinuz-6.2.0-26-generic 1
61.263824463 = 65.781530624 boot/vmlinuz-6.2.0-36-generic 1
84.021610260 = 90.217517056 boot/vmlinuz.old 1
81.831398010 = 87.865794560 boot/initrd.img 1
81.416347504 = 87.420137472 boot/initrd.img-6.2.0-26-generic 1
81.831398010 = 87.865794560 boot/initrd.img-6.2.0-36-generic 1
81.416347504 = 87.420137472 boot/initrd.img.old 1
===================== sdb2: ls -l /etc/grub.d/ (filtered) ======================
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 18683 Dec 18 2022 10_linux
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 43031 Dec 18 2022 10_linux_zfs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14387 Dec 18 2022 20_linux_xen
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13369 Dec 18 2022 30_os-prober
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1372 Dec 18 2022 30_uefi-firmware
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 700 May 17 05:35 35_fwupd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 214 Dec 18 2022 40_custom
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 215 Dec 18 2022 41_custom
mount -t ntfs-3g -o remove_hiberfile /dev/sdb1 /mnt/boot-sav/sdb1
mount -t ntfs-3g -o remove_hiberfile /dev/sdb1 /mnt/boot-sav/sdb1
Suggested repair: ______________________________________________________________
The default repair of the Boot-Repair utility would reinstall the grub-efi-amd64-signed of
sdb2,
using the following options: sdb1/boot/efi
Additional repair would be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s use-standard-efi-file
Final advice in case of suggested repair: ______________________________________
Please do not forget to make your UEFI firmware boot on the Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS entry (sdb1/efi/****/shim****.efi (**** will be updated in the final message) file) !
编辑 2：我尝试运行推荐的修复，但没有成功，提示“NVram 已锁定（在 efibootmgr 中未找到 Ubuntu）”。以下是修复 pastebin：https://paste.ubuntu.com/p/vWXJZQMdZN。
在我无知的眼睛看来，为什么 EFI 系统分区是 ntfs 似乎很奇怪，因为我不认为我在安装 Ubuntu 时它是 ntfs。它可能因为某种原因被“转换”为 ntfs 吗？还是我只是弄错了，ntfs 是正常的？请注意，这次我没有尝试重新安装 Windows。
编辑3：这是运行的结果sudo fdisk /dev/sdb -l：
Disk /dev/sdb: 223.57 GiB, 240057409536 bytes, 468862128 sectors
Disk model: ADATA SU630
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 6ABAEFB0-0832-477B-B7E2-5BA4DC728AFC
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/sdb2 1050624 468860927 467810304 223.1G Linux filesystem