我有两台不同的电脑，存在同样的问题。
如果我将外部 USB3 硬盘连接到前面板，就会出现很多问题。有时可以识别，但传输文件时出错，有时根本无法识别。
上次我尝试时 dmesg 看起来像这样：
[52306.980676] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 3 using xhci_hcd
[52311.990308] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/all, error -110
[52312.046207] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52312.570682] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 5 using xhci_hcd
[52312.596010] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52312.697334] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 5 using xhci_hcd
[52312.723848] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52312.881146] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52313.140860] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 7 using xhci_hcd
[52318.150455] usb 4-5: unable to get BOS descriptor set
[52323.144147] usb 4-5: unable to read config index 0 descriptor/start: -110
[52323.144157] usb 4-5: can't read configurations, error -110
[52323.200064] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52323.728556] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 9 using xhci_hcd
[52323.753871] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52323.855183] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 9 using xhci_hcd
[52323.881460] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52324.038995] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52324.302707] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 11 using xhci_hcd
[52329.312284] usb 4-5: unable to read config index 0 descriptor/all
[52329.312295] usb 4-5: can't read configurations, error -110
[52329.368238] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52329.900736] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 13 using xhci_hcd
[52329.926051] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52330.027357] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 13 using xhci_hcd
[52330.053635] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52330.211170] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52330.470883] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 15 using xhci_hcd
[52330.487587] usb 4-5: New USB device found, idVendor=04e8, idProduct=61b6
[52330.487596] usb 4-5: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=11, SerialNumber=3
[52330.487601] usb 4-5: Product: Samsung M3 Portable
[52330.487605] usb 4-5: Manufacturer: JMicron
[52330.487608] usb 4-5: SerialNumber: 00000000011E3877
[52330.488186] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[52330.488344] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[52330.488706] scsi7 : usb-storage 4-5:1.0
[52330.488916] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[52330.489075] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[52331.491780] scsi 7:0:0:0: Direct-Access Samsung M3 Portable 3 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
[52331.493112] sd 7:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
[52331.493372] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] 1953504688 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/931 GiB)
[52331.493652] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Write Protect is off
[52331.493663] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Mode Sense: 27 00 00 00
[52331.493956] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] No Caching mode page present
[52331.493965] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52331.495097] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] No Caching mode page present
[52331.495107] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52331.989039] usb 4-5: reset SuperSpeed USB device number 15 using xhci_hcd
[52332.005225] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22000
[52332.005227] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22040
[52332.005610] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[52332.005769] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[52332.132856] usb 4-5: reset SuperSpeed USB device number 15 using xhci_hcd
[52332.149042] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22000
[52332.149044] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22040
[52332.149425] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[52332.149584] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[52332.276676] usb 4-5: reset SuperSpeed USB device number 15 using xhci_hcd
[52337.286185] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/all, error -110
[52337.374047] usb 4-5: USB disconnect, device number 15
[52337.381979] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code
[52337.381981] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc]
[52337.381982] Result: hostbyte=DID_NO_CONNECT driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[52337.381983] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB:
[52337.381984] Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00
[52337.381987] end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 0
[52337.381989] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 0
[52337.382031] ldm_validate_partition_table(): Disk read failed.
[52337.382039] Dev sdc: unable to read RDB block 0
[52337.382051] sdc: unable to read partition table
[52337.382229] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] READ CAPACITY failed
[52337.382240] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc]
[52337.382241] Result: hostbyte=DID_NO_CONNECT driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[52337.382242] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Sense not available.
[52337.382291] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Asking for cache data failed
[52337.382293] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52337.382294] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI disk
[52337.382539] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22000
[52337.382542] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22040
[52337.874545] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 16 using xhci_hcd
[52337.899698] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52338.001242] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 16 using xhci_hcd
[52338.027784] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52338.185055] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52338.444768] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 18 using xhci_hcd
[52338.461340] usb 4-5: New USB device found, idVendor=04e8, idProduct=61b6
[52338.461349] usb 4-5: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=11, SerialNumber=3
[52338.461354] usb 4-5: Product: Samsung M3 Portable
[52338.461358] usb 4-5: Manufacturer: JMicron
[52338.461361] usb 4-5: SerialNumber: 00000000011E3877
[52338.461932] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[52338.462089] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[52338.462533] scsi8 : usb-storage 4-5:1.0
[52338.462739] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[52338.462898] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[52339.465490] scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access Samsung M3 Portable 3 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
[52339.465947] sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
[52339.466121] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] 1953504688 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/931 GiB)
[52339.466370] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] Write Protect is off
[52339.466372] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] Mode Sense: 27 00 00 00
[52339.466761] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] No Caching mode page present
[52339.466764] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52339.467739] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] No Caching mode page present
[52339.467751] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52340.157069] sdc: sdc1
[52340.158022] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] No Caching mode page present
[52340.158025] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52340.158026] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI disk
[52340.302496] usb 4-5: reset SuperSpeed USB device number 18 using xhci_hcd
[52345.312006] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/all, error -110
[52345.399882] usb 4-5: USB disconnect, device number 18
[52345.403802] scsi 8:0:0:0: rejecting I/O to offline device
[52345.403807] scsi 8:0:0:0: [sdc] killing request
[52345.403816] scsi 8:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code
[52345.403818] scsi 8:0:0:0: [sdc]
[52345.403821] Result: hostbyte=DID_NO_CONNECT driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[52345.403823] scsi 8:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB:
[52345.403824] Read(10): 28 00 74 70 1d 00 00 00 08 00
[52345.403838] end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 1953504512
[52345.403840] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188064
[52345.403848] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188064
[52345.403874] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188084
[52345.403875] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188084
[52345.403877] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 0
[52345.403878] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 0
[52345.403881] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 1
[52345.403885] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188085
[52345.403908] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 1
[52345.415902] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22800
[52345.415904] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22840
[52345.920395] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 19 using xhci_hcd
[52345.945502] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52346.047036] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 19 using xhci_hcd
[52346.073340] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52346.230852] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52346.490520] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 21 using xhci_hcd
[52351.500177] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/all, error -110
[52351.556098] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52352.088558] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 23 using xhci_hcd
[52352.113686] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52352.215215] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 23 using xhci_hcd
[52352.241524] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52352.399026] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52352.658743] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 25 using xhci_hcd
[52352.685209] usb 4-5: unable to get BOS descriptor
[52357.680349] usb 4-5: unable to read config index 0 descriptor/start: -110
[52357.680358] usb 4-5: can't read configurations, error -110
[52357.736261] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52358.268725] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 27 using xhci_hcd
[52358.293854] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52358.395378] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 27 using xhci_hcd
[52358.421692] usb 4-5: device descriptor read/8, error -71
[52358.579189] hub 4-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 5
[52358.838906] usb 4-5: new SuperSpeed USB device number 29 using xhci_hcd
[52358.855513] usb 4-5: New USB device found, idVendor=04e8, idProduct=61b6
[52358.855521] usb 4-5: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=11, SerialNumber=3
[52358.855526] usb 4-5: Product: Samsung M3 Portable
[52358.855530] usb 4-5: Manufacturer: JMicron
[52358.855534] usb 4-5: SerialNumber: 00000000011E3877
[52358.856125] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[52358.856283] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[52358.856703] scsi9 : usb-storage 4-5:1.0
[52358.856917] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[52358.857075] usb 4-5: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[52359.859832] scsi 9:0:0:0: Direct-Access Samsung M3 Portable 3 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
[52359.861297] sd 9:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
[52359.861480] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] 1953504688 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/931 GiB)
[52359.861755] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] Write Protect is off
[52359.861762] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] Mode Sense: 27 00 00 00
[52359.862021] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] No Caching mode page present
[52359.862027] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52359.863097] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] No Caching mode page present
[52359.863107] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52360.255973] sdc: sdc1
[52360.256976] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] No Caching mode page present
[52360.256979] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[52360.256981] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI disk
[52360.401006] usb 4-5: reset SuperSpeed USB device number 29 using xhci_hcd
[52360.424127] usb 4-5: device firmware changed
[52360.424154] usb 4-5: USB disconnect, device number 29
[52360.424814] scsi 9:0:0:0: rejecting I/O to offline device
[52360.424816] scsi 9:0:0:0: [sdc] killing request
[52360.424824] scsi 9:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code
[52360.424826] scsi 9:0:0:0: [sdc]
[52360.424827] Result: hostbyte=DID_NO_CONNECT driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[52360.424829] scsi 9:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB:
[52360.424830] Read(10): 28 00 74 70 1d 00 00 00 08 00
[52360.424834] end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 1953504512
[52360.424835] quiet_error: 128 callbacks suppressed
[52360.424837] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188064
[52360.424843] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188064
[52360.424854] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188084
[52360.424856] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188084
[52360.424859] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 0
[52360.424860] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 0
[52360.424863] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 1
[52360.424866] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 244188085
[52360.424889] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 1
[52360.424891] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 1
[52360.441058] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22c80
[52360.441064] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI xhci_drop_endpoint called with disabled ep ffff88039ef22cc0
如果我将驱动器连接到后置 USB 端口，一切似乎都按预期工作（尽管速度不是火箭那么快）。
其他信息：
- 两台电脑有不同的主板：华硕 ROG Max V Gene 和华擎 H87M Pro4
- 外部驱动器未损坏
- 它适用于 Windows（前端口和后端口均适用）
- 该驱动器是三星 M3 便携式 1TB 型号 HX-M101TCB/G
答案1
原来和BIOS里的一些设置有关。
在两个主板的 UEFI bios 下都有一个 USB 部分，其中有很多选项，我玩了一下，结果发现必须禁用“USB Legacy”（仅适用于 USB 2.0）才能使前面板 USB 工作。
奇怪的是，尽管进行了这样的设置，但所有其他 USB 端口（后面板）都能正常工作。