我想安装 Ubuntu 16.10 来替换我当前的 15.10 安装。我还安装了 Windows 10。该系统是 EFI 系统。
现在我的问题是，我记得上次安装 Ubuntu 时，整个引导加载程序的情况有点混乱，这就是为什么我现在要格外小心，在哪里安装 Grub。但是我无法找到它在我当前设置中的安装位置，而且我不想冒险破坏 Windows 引导加载程序。我怎样才能找出 Grub 目前所在的位置，以便我可以安全地将它安装在同一个位置？我尝试了启动信息脚本，但没有提到 Grub 所在的位置。
这是相关输出fdisk -l：
Disk /dev/sda: 111,8 GiB, 120034123776 bytes, 234441648 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: E11DDD93-18E8-4DAA-8538-BB230F42C8BA
Gerät Start Ende Sektoren Size Typ
/dev/sda1 2048 206847 204800 100M EFI System
/dev/sda2 206848 468991 262144 128M Microsoft reserved
/dev/sda3 468992 191592447 191123456 91,1G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sda4 191592448 192514047 921600 450M Windows recovery environment
/dev/sda5 192514048 234440703 41926656 20G Linux filesystem
Disk /dev/sdb: 931,5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 95D46DE3-4D90-410A-960A-46B464AD04D9
Gerät Start Ende Sektoren Size Typ
/dev/sdb1 2048 585939547 585937500 279,4G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sdb2 585940992 1933596671 1347655680 642,6G Linux filesystem
/dev/sdb3 1933596672 1953523711 19927040 9,5G Linux Swap
启动信息脚本内容如下：
Boot Info Script 0.61 [1 April 2012]
============================= Boot Info Summary: ===============================
=> No boot loader is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda.
=> Windows is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb.
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: vfat
Boot sector type: Windows 7: FAT32
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /efi/Boot/bootx64.efi /efi/ubuntu/grubx64.efi
/efi/ubuntu/MokManager.efi /efi/ubuntu/shimx64.efi
sda2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system:
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Mounting failed: mount: unknown filesystem type ''
sda3: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /Windows/System32/winload.exe
sda4: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files:
sda5: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Ubuntu 15.10
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files:
sdb2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System:
Boot files:
sdb3: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: swap
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
============================ Drive/Partition Info: =============================
Drive: sda _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sda: 111,8 GiB, 120034123776 bytes, 234441648 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sda1 1 234,441,647 234,441,647 ee GPT
GUID Partition Table detected.
Partition Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors System
/dev/sda1 2,048 206,847 204,800 EFI System partition
/dev/sda2 206,848 468,991 262,144 Microsoft Reserved Partition (Windows)
/dev/sda3 468,992 191,592,447 191,123,456 Data partition (Windows/Linux)
/dev/sda4 191,592,448 192,514,047 921,600 Windows Recovery Environment (Windows)
/dev/sda5 192,514,048 234,440,703 41,926,656 Data partition (Linux)
Drive: sdb _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sdb: 931,5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 1,953,525,167 1,953,525,167 ee GPT
GUID Partition Table detected.
Partition Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors System
/dev/sdb1 2,048 585,939,547 585,937,500 Data partition (Windows/Linux)
/dev/sdb2 585,940,992 1,933,596,671 1,347,655,680 Data partition (Linux)
/dev/sdb3 1,933,596,672 1,953,523,711 19,927,040 Swap partition (Linux)
"blkid" output: ________________________________________________________________
Device UUID TYPE LABEL
/dev/sda1 6EF5-751D vfat
/dev/sda2
/dev/sda3 2A1808F61808C2B5 ntfs
/dev/sda4 0C3E6CED3E6CD16E ntfs
/dev/sda5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 ext4
/dev/sdb1 6431D7B521AC29B4 ntfs windata
/dev/sdb2 3afe68aa-02f4-45c5-b786-c6a39e2d0690 ext4
/dev/sdb3 1128331f-ebcf-4d3d-81e4-b9da91fa736b swap
================================ Mount points: =================================
Device Mount_Point Type Options
/dev/sda1 /boot/efi vfat (rw,relatime,fmask=0077,dmask=0077,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/sda5 / ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
/dev/sdb2 /home ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)
=========================== sda5/boot/grub/grub.cfg: ===========================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
set have_grubenv=true
load_env
fi
if [ "${next_entry}" ] ; then
set default="${next_entry}"
set next_entry=
save_env next_entry
set boot_once=true
else
set default="0"
fi
if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
menuentry_id_option=""
fi
export menuentry_id_option
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
save_env saved_entry
set prev_saved_entry=
save_env prev_saved_entry
set boot_once=true
fi
function savedefault {
if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
saved_entry="${chosen}"
save_env saved_entry
fi
}
function recordfail {
set recordfail=1
if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
}
function load_video {
if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
insmod all_video
else
insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
insmod ieee1275_fb
insmod vbe
insmod vga
insmod video_bochs
insmod video_cirrus
fi
}
if [ x$feature_default_font_path = xy ] ; then
font=unicode
else
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt5 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
fi
font="/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2"
fi
if loadfont $font ; then
set gfxmode=auto
load_video
insmod gfxterm
set locale_dir=$prefix/locale
set lang=de_DE
insmod gettext
fi
terminal_output gfxterm
if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ] ; then
set timeout=30
else
if [ x$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
set timeout_style=menu
set timeout=10
# Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
# unavailable.
else
set timeout=10
fi
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
if background_color 44,0,30,0; then
clear
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
function gfxmode {
set gfxpayload="${1}"
if [ "${1}" = "keep" ]; then
set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=7
else
set vt_handoff=
fi
}
if [ "${recordfail}" != 1 ]; then
if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then
if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then
if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
export linux_gfx_mode
menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9' {
recordfail
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt5 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
fi
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-42-generic.efi.signed root=UUID=03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-42-generic
}
submenu 'Erweiterte Optionen für Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9' {
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 4.2.0-42-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.2.0-42-generic-advanced-03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9' {
recordfail
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt5 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
fi
echo 'Linux 4.2.0-42-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-42-generic.efi.signed root=UUID=03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-42-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.2.0-42-generic (upstart)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.2.0-42-generic-init-upstart-03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9' {
recordfail
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt5 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
fi
echo 'Linux 4.2.0-42-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-42-generic.efi.signed root=UUID=03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 ro quiet splash $vt_handoff init=/sbin/upstart
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-42-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.2.0-42-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.2.0-42-generic-recovery-03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9' {
recordfail
load_video
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt5 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
fi
echo 'Linux 4.2.0-42-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-42-generic.efi.signed root=UUID=03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 ro recovery nomodeset
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-42-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 4.2.0-41-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.2.0-41-generic-advanced-03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9' {
recordfail
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt5 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
fi
echo 'Linux 4.2.0-41-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-41-generic.efi.signed root=UUID=03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-41-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.2.0-41-generic (upstart)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.2.0-41-generic-init-upstart-03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9' {
recordfail
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt5 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
fi
echo 'Linux 4.2.0-41-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-41-generic.efi.signed root=UUID=03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 ro quiet splash $vt_handoff init=/sbin/upstart
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-41-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.2.0-41-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.2.0-41-generic-recovery-03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9' {
recordfail
load_video
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt5 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt5 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9
fi
echo 'Linux 4.2.0-41-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-41-generic.efi.signed root=UUID=03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 ro recovery nomodeset
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-41-generic
}
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
menuentry 'Windows Boot Manager (auf /dev/sda1)' --class windows --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-efi-6EF5-751D' {
insmod part_gpt
insmod fat
set root='hd0,gpt1'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt1 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt1 6EF5-751D
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6EF5-751D
fi
chainloader /EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
}
set timeout_style=menu
if [ "${timeout}" = 0 ]; then
set timeout=10
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
menuentry 'System setup' $menuentry_id_option 'uefi-firmware' {
fwsetup
}
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=============================== sda5/etc/fstab: ================================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda5 during installation
UUID=03a4142e-656d-4063-a212-8d7ff0124be9 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=6EF5-751D /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
# /home was on /dev/sdb2 during installation
UUID=3afe68aa-02f4-45c5-b786-c6a39e2d0690 /home ext4 defaults 0 2
# swap was on /dev/sdb3 during installation
UUID=1128331f-ebcf-4d3d-81e4-b9da91fa736b none swap sw 0 0
/dev/disk/by-uuid/2A1808F61808C2B5 /mnt/2A1808F61808C2B5 auto nosuid,nodev,nofail,noauto 0 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=================== sda5: Location of files loaded by Grub: ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
=============================== StdErr Messages: ===============================
cat: /tmp/BootInfo-qZ45TXCy/Tmp_Log: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden
这是输出efibootmgr -v：
BootCurrent: 0001
Timeout: 2 seconds
BootOrder: 0001,0000,0002
Boot0000* Windows Boot Manager HD(1,GPT,9ffc789a-2364-433e-a852-797fd3b7da5b,0x800,0x32000)/File(\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi)WINDOWS.........x...B.C.D.O.B.J.E.C.T.=.{.9.d.e.a.8.6.2.c.-.5.c.d.d.-.4.e.7.0.-.a.c.c.1.-.f.3.2.b.3.4.4.d.4.7.9.5.}...a................
Boot0001* ubuntu HD(1,GPT,9ffc789a-2364-433e-a852-797fd3b7da5b,0x800,0x32000)/File(\EFI\ubuntu\shimx64.efi)
Boot0002* ubuntu HD(1,GPT,9ffc789a-2364-433e-a852-797fd3b7da5b,0x800,0x32000)/File(\EFI\Ubuntu\grubx64.efi)
虽然脚本说 Windows 安装在 /dev/sdb 的 MBR 中，但我认为它位于 /dev/sda1 中。
Grub 启动菜单有一个 Windows Bootloader 的条目（不是 Windows 本身，它特别提到了 bootloader），根据菜单条目，它位于 /dev/sda1 中
答案1
在继续之前，您可能需要查看一些有关 EFI 模式启动如何工作的信息。我建议：
- Adam Williamson 的博客文章介绍了 EFI 的工作原理—— 本页描述了 EFI 模式启动背后的理论。
- Superuser.com 上关于 BIOS 和 EFI 启动之间的区别的问答—— 这提供了前面内容的基础，但更加简洁。
- 我的关于在 EFI 系统上安装 Linux 的页面-- 与 Adam Williamson 的博客相比，此页面对 EFI 模式启动进行了更实用的介绍。它面向初始安装，但可能对您仍然有帮助。
关于启动信息脚本输出的一些具体观察：
- 你的两个磁盘都使用GUID 分区表 (GPT)。Windows 无法在 BIOS/CSM/传统模式下从 GPT 磁盘启动；它必须在 EFI/UEFI 模式下启动。
- 你的EFI 系统分区 (ESP)是
/dev/sda1。ESP 包含 EFI 模式引导加载程序。 - 您的 ESP 包含 Ubuntu GRUB 2 引导加载程序（
/efi/ubuntu/grubx64.efi）和相关文件（shimx64.efi和MokManager.efi）。它还包含efi/Boot/bootx64.efi，可以是任何东西 — — 可能是 Windows 引导管理器，可能是 GRUB 的另一个副本，也可能是其他东西。 - 您
/dev/sda没有 BIOS 模式的引导加载程序。 - 您的
/dev/sdb包含 Windows 引导加载程序的 BIOS 模式版本。 - 您的
grub.cfg包含一个用于启动 Windows 的条目，它将/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi在 上启动（这是 Windows EFI 引导加载程序的常用名称和位置）/dev/sda1；但是，启动信息脚本不会显示此文件存在。有时启动信息脚本会遗漏文件，因此可能是启动信息脚本错误导致了此差异。我建议您通过在 Ubuntu 中查找来手动检查这一点。（默认情况下，/boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efiESP 安装在Ubuntu 中。）/boot/efi - 您的 Boot Info Script 输出缺少 的输出
efibootmgr -v。当您以 EFI 模式启动时，通常会包含此输出。如果您从紧急磁盘运行 Boot Info Script，那么这可以解释这种差异。如果您从正常启动运行它，那就令人费解了，但还不足以让我建议您对此采取任何措施，至少不要单独采取措施。
总体而言，看起来您是在 EFI 模式下启动这两个操作系统，而启动信息脚本只是无法找到 Windows 启动管理器。我的直觉是 MBR 中的 BIOS 模式 Windows 启动加载程序只是/dev/sdb上次安装时遗留下来的；或者您可能是在 BIOS 模式下安装的，但随后按照程序将其转换为 EFI 模式安装。无论哪种方式，它都是无害的，只是它会引发有关如何安装的问题。
无论如何，您都应该能够按照通常的升级程序进行升级。请注意，安装引导加载程序的位置提示是被忽略在进行 EFI 模式安装时，您对此的担心是多余的。不过，我确实有几点建议：
- 您可能不想安装 16.10，而应该考虑 16.04（或 16.04.1）LTS，因为它通常更稳定。您还可以使用该
do-release-upgrade程序从当前安装中升级到 16.04。 - 我强烈建议在继续操作之前尽可能多地备份您的计算机。最低限度，备份 ESP（
/dev/sda1；/boot/efi）和您的个人文件（可能/home还有您在 Windows 中存储个人文件的位置）。操作系统安装和升级可以顺利进行，不会出现任何问题；但是如果您在某些重要方面出现失误，您最终可能会毁掉所有个人文件和/或 Windows 引导加载程序。建议在执行任何操作之前先备份这些文件。 - 如果您使用 Ubuntu 安装介质进行升级，并且您的系统配置为允许 BIOS 模式或 EFI 模式启动，请将其重新配置为仅允许 EFI 模式启动。具体操作方法因计算机而异。由于您当前正在以 EFI 模式启动两个操作系统，因此 BIOS 模式支持对您没有好处，如果您意外以 BIOS 模式启动 Ubuntu 安装程序，可能会造成麻烦。请参阅我关于这个主题的页面更多细节。
- 请阅读我在本回答开头发布的至少一个链接，最好是全部三个。了解 EFI 启动过程是避免在设置或升级系统时出现灾难性问题的最佳选择。
答案2
磁盘标签类型：gpt
因此错过了 2mb 特殊部分。fdisk 的 BIOS boot。
有时您仍然可以安装它，但不是通过常用的方式。
认为 partedp可能会显示更多。因此无法使用旧版 BIOS 兼容模式，最后的启动机会是 uefi。