系统：Debian GNU/Linux 8 (jessie) 64 位
uname -r：4.9.0-0.bpo.1-amd64
好吧，我将内核更新到了 4.9。并更新了我所有的包。但现在我正在尝试安装 Skype 和 gtk3 库，并且遇到依赖关系问题。为了安装 Skype 我这样做：
sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386
sudo aptitude update
wget -O skype-install.deb http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb
sudo dpkg -i skype-install.deb
好吧，我最终得到
skype:i386 : Depends: libqt4-dbus:i386 (>= 4:4.5.3) but it is not installed
Depends: libqt4-network:i386 (>= 4:4.8.0) but it is not installed
Depends: libqt4-xml:i386 (>= 4:4.5.3) but it is not installed
Depends: libqtcore4:i386 (>= 4:4.7.0~beta1) but it is not installed
Depends: libqtgui4:i386 (>= 4:4.8.0) but it is not installed
Depends: libqtwebkit4:i386 (>= 2.1.0~2011week13) but it is not installed
Depends: libstdc++6:i386 (>= 4.2.1) but it is not installed
Depends: libx11-6:i386 but it is not installed
Depends: libxext6:i386 but it is not installed
Depends: libxss1:i386 but it is not installed
Depends: libxv1:i386 but it is not installed
Depends: libssl1.0.0:i386 but it is not installed
Depends: libpulse0:i386 but it is not installed
Depends: libasound2-plugins:i386 but it is not installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try using -f
如果我尝试 apt-get -f install ，它会建议删除 Skype 及其。我尝试了 aptitude，但也没有结果。是的，我已经做了 apt-get update && apt-get install 。
当我尝试安装 libgtk3 时，我得到：
libgtk-3-dev : Depends: libatk-bridge2.0-dev but it is not going to be installed
资质让我明白：
libdbus-1-dev : Depends: libdbus-1-3 (= 1.8.22-0+deb8u1) but 1.10.14-1 is installed.
好吧，我认为既然我有最新的库，我可以强制安装它的旧版本来解决依赖关系问题，但我得到了：
sudo aptitude install libdbus-1-3=1.8.22-0
Unable to find a version "1.8.22-0" for the package "libdbus-1-3"
我不知道该怎么办，它不允许我安装旧的库，也不允许使用新的库。我搜索了很多相关内容，但所有问题都通过 apt-get update 和 install 解决了。我如何安装这个软件包？
//-------------
sudo apt-cache 策略
Package files:
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
release a=now
500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/non-free Translation-en
500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/main Translation-en
500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/contrib Translation-en
-500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/non-free i386 Packages
release o=Debian,a=testing,n=stretch,l=Debian,c=non-free
origin httpredir.debian.org
-500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/contrib i386 Packages
release o=Debian,a=testing,n=stretch,l=Debian,c=contrib
origin httpredir.debian.org
-500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/main i386 Packages
release o=Debian,a=testing,n=stretch,l=Debian,c=main
origin httpredir.debian.org
-500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/non-free amd64 Packages
release o=Debian,a=testing,n=stretch,l=Debian,c=non-free
origin httpredir.debian.org
-500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/contrib amd64 Packages
release o=Debian,a=testing,n=stretch,l=Debian,c=contrib
origin httpredir.debian.org
-500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ testing/main amd64 Packages
release o=Debian,a=testing,n=stretch,l=Debian,c=main
origin httpredir.debian.org
500 http://http.debian.net/debian/ jessie-backports/main Translation-en
100 http://http.debian.net/debian/ jessie-backports/main i386 Packages
release o=Debian Backports,a=jessie-backports,n=jessie-backports,l=Debian Backports,c=main
origin http.debian.net
100 http://http.debian.net/debian/ jessie-backports/main amd64 Packages
release o=Debian Backports,a=jessie-backports,n=jessie-backports,l=Debian Backports,c=main
origin http.debian.net
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/non-free Translation-en
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/main Translation-en
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/contrib Translation-en
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/non-free i386 Packages
release o=Debian,a=stable-updates,n=jessie-updates,l=Debian,c=non-free
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/contrib i386 Packages
release o=Debian,a=stable-updates,n=jessie-updates,l=Debian,c=contrib
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/main i386 Packages
release o=Debian,a=stable-updates,n=jessie-updates,l=Debian,c=main
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/non-free amd64 Packages
release o=Debian,a=stable-updates,n=jessie-updates,l=Debian,c=non-free
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/contrib amd64 Packages
release o=Debian,a=stable-updates,n=jessie-updates,l=Debian,c=contrib
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates/main amd64 Packages
release o=Debian,a=stable-updates,n=jessie-updates,l=Debian,c=main
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ jessie-backports/main Translation-en
100 http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ jessie-backports/main i386 Packages
release o=Debian Backports,a=jessie-backports,n=jessie-backports,l=Debian Backports,c=main
origin ftp.debian.org
100 http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ jessie-backports/main amd64 Packages
release o=Debian Backports,a=jessie-backports,n=jessie-backports,l=Debian Backports,c=main
origin ftp.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/non-free Translation-en
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/main Translation-en
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/contrib Translation-en
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/non-free i386 Packages
release v=8-updates,o=Debian,a=proposed-updates,n=jessie-proposed-updates,l=Debian,c=non-free
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/contrib i386 Packages
release v=8-updates,o=Debian,a=proposed-updates,n=jessie-proposed-updates,l=Debian,c=contrib
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/main i386 Packages
release v=8-updates,o=Debian,a=proposed-updates,n=jessie-proposed-updates,l=Debian,c=main
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/non-free amd64 Packages
release v=8-updates,o=Debian,a=proposed-updates,n=jessie-proposed-updates,l=Debian,c=non-free
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/contrib amd64 Packages
release v=8-updates,o=Debian,a=proposed-updates,n=jessie-proposed-updates,l=Debian,c=contrib
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates/main amd64 Packages
release v=8-updates,o=Debian,a=proposed-updates,n=jessie-proposed-updates,l=Debian,c=main
origin ftp.us.debian.org
500 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/non-free Translation-en
500 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/main Translation-en
500 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/contrib Translation-en
990 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/non-free i386 Packages
release v=8,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian-Security,c=non-free
origin security.debian.org
990 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/contrib i386 Packages
release v=8,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian-Security,c=contrib
origin security.debian.org
990 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/main i386 Packages
release v=8,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian-Security,c=main
origin security.debian.org
990 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/non-free amd64 Packages
release v=8,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian-Security,c=non-free
origin security.debian.org
990 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/contrib amd64 Packages
release v=8,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian-Security,c=contrib
origin security.debian.org
990 http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates/main amd64 Packages
release v=8,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian-Security,c=main
origin security.debian.org
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/non-free Translation-en
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main Translation-en
500 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/contrib Translation-en
990 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/non-free i386 Packages
release v=8.7,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian,c=non-free
origin ftp.us.debian.org
990 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/contrib i386 Packages
release v=8.7,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian,c=contrib
origin ftp.us.debian.org
990 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main i386 Packages
release v=8.7,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian,c=main
origin ftp.us.debian.org
990 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/non-free amd64 Packages
release v=8.7,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian,c=non-free
origin ftp.us.debian.org
990 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/contrib amd64 Packages
release v=8.7,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian,c=contrib
origin ftp.us.debian.org
990 http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main amd64 Packages
release v=8.7,o=Debian,a=stable,n=jessie,l=Debian,c=main
origin ftp.us.debian.org
Pinned packages:
我的来源列表：
#
# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 8.6.0 _Jessie_ - Official amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20160917-14:20]/ jessie main
#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 8.6.0 _Jessie_ - Official amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20160917-14:20]/ jessie main
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ jessie-backports main
# jessie-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free
我也觉得这里有问题：
dpkg -l |awk '/^ii/ && $3 ~ /bpo[6-8]/ {print $2}'
libgl1-mesa-dri:amd64
libllvm3.8:amd64
linux-compiler-gcc-4.9-x86
linux-headers-4.9.0-0.bpo.1-686-pae
linux-headers-4.9.0-0.bpo.1-all
linux-headers-4.9.0-0.bpo.1-all-amd64
linux-headers-4.9.0-0.bpo.1-amd64
linux-headers-4.9.0-0.bpo.1-common
linux-headers-4.9.0-0.bpo.1-common-rt
linux-headers-4.9.0-0.bpo.1-rt-686-pae
linux-headers-4.9.0-0.bpo.1-rt-amd64
mesa-vulkan-drivers
// sudo apt-show-versions 的输出 | grep 测试 嗯，预计不会看到这么多软件包，我只需要一个最新的 intell 驱动程序才能与 vulkan 一起使用。
bash-completion:all/testing 1:2.1-4.3 uptodate
binutils:amd64/testing 2.27.90.20170124-2 uptodate
console-setup:all/testing *manually* upgradeable from 1.158 to 1.160
console-setup-linux:all/testing *manually* upgradeable from 1.158 to 1.160
dbus:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 1.10.14-1 to 1.10.16-1
flashplugin-nonfree:amd64/testing 1:3.7 uptodate
ifupdown:amd64/testing 0.8.19 uptodate
init-system-helpers:all/testing 1.47 uptodate
kbd:amd64/testing 2.0.3-2 uptodate
keyboard-configuration:all/testing *manually* upgradeable from 1.158 to 1.160
keyutils:amd64/testing 1.5.9-9 uptodate
libapparmor1:amd64/testing 2.11.0-2 uptodate
libdbus-1-3:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 1.10.14-1 to 1.10.16-1
libdrm-amdgpu1:amd64/testing 2.4.74-1 uptodate
libdrm-dev:amd64/testing 2.4.74-1 uptodate
libdrm-intel1:amd64/testing 2.4.74-1 uptodate
libdrm-nouveau2:amd64/testing 2.4.74-1 uptodate
libdrm-radeon1:amd64/testing 2.4.74-1 uptodate
libdrm2:amd64/testing 2.4.74-1 uptodate
libegl1-mesa-drivers:amd64/testing 13.0.4-1 uptodate
libfdisk1:amd64/testing 2.29.1-1 uptodate
libgcrypt20:amd64/testing 1.7.6-1 uptodate
libgl1-mesa-glx:amd64/testing 13.0.4-1 uptodate
libglapi-mesa:amd64/testing 13.0.4-1 uptodate
libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64/testing 1.15-1 uptodate
libinput-bin:amd64/testing 1.6.0-1 uptodate
libinput10:amd64/testing 1.6.0-1 uptodate
libip4tc0:amd64/testing 1.6.0+snapshot20161117-5 uptodate
libjim0.76:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 0.76-2 to 0.76-2+b1
libk5crypto3:amd64/testing 1.15-1 uptodate
libkrb5-3:amd64/testing 1.15-1 uptodate
libkrb5support0:amd64/testing 1.15-1 uptodate
liblz4-1:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 0.0~r131-2 to 0.0~r131-2+b1
libmount1:amd64/testing 2.29.1-1 uptodate
libncurses5:amd64/testing 6.0+20161126-1 uptodate
libncursesw5:amd64/testing 6.0+20161126-1 uptodate
libpam-systemd:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 232-15 to 232-18
libseccomp2:amd64/testing 2.3.1-2.1 uptodate
libselinux1:amd64/testing 2.6-3 uptodate
libsmartcols1:amd64/testing 2.29.1-1 uptodate
libssl1.1:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 1.1.0d-2 to 1.1.0e-1
libsystemd0:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 232-15 to 232-18
libtinfo5:amd64/testing 6.0+20161126-1 uptodate
libudev1:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 232-15 to 232-18
libvulkan1:amd64/testing 1.0.39.0+dfsg1-1 uptodate
libwacom-common:all/testing 0.22-1 uptodate
libwacom2:amd64/testing 0.22-1 uptodate
libxfont2:amd64/testing 1:2.0.1-3 uptodate
linux-base:all/testing 4.5 uptodate
linux-kbuild-4.9:amd64/testing 4.9.6-3 uptodate
linux-libc-dev:amd64/testing 4.9.6-3 uptodate
mount:amd64/testing 2.29.1-1 uptodate
rpcbind:amd64/testing 0.2.3-0.5 uptodate
systemd:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 232-15 to 232-18
systemd-sysv:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 232-15 to 232-18
sysvinit-utils:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 2.88dsf-59.8 to 2.88dsf-59.9
udev:amd64/testing *manually* upgradeable from 232-15 to 232-18
usb-modeswitch:amd64/testing 2.5.0+repack0-1 uptodate
util-linux:amd64/testing 2.29.1-1 uptodate
xserver-common:all/testing 2:1.19.1-4 uptodate
xserver-xorg:amd64/testing 1:7.7+18 uptodate
xserver-xorg-core:amd64/testing 2:1.19.1-4 uptodate
xserver-xorg-input-all:amd64/testing 1:7.7+18 uptodate
xserver-xorg-input-evdev:amd64/testing 1:2.10.5-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-input-libinput:amd64/testing 0.23.0-2 uptodate
xserver-xorg-input-mouse:amd64/testing 1:1.9.2-1+b1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-input-synaptics:amd64/testing 1.9.0-1+b1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-input-wacom:amd64/testing 0.34.0-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64/testing 1:7.8.0-1+b1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-cirrus:amd64/testing 1:1.5.3-1+b2 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-fbdev:amd64/testing 1:0.4.4-1+b5 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-intel:amd64/testing 2:2.99.917+git20161206-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-mach64:amd64/testing 6.9.5-1+b2 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-mga:amd64/testing 1:1.6.5-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-neomagic:amd64/testing 1:1.2.9-1+b2 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-nouveau:amd64/testing 1:1.0.13-1+b1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-openchrome:amd64/testing 1:0.5.0-3 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-qxl:amd64/testing 0.1.4+20161126git4d7160c-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-r128:amd64/testing 6.10.2-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-radeon:amd64/testing 1:7.8.0-1+b1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-savage:amd64/testing 1:2.3.9-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-siliconmotion:amd64/testing 1:1.7.9-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-sisusb:amd64/testing 1:0.9.7-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-tdfx:amd64/testing 1:1.4.7-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-trident:amd64/testing 1:1.3.8-1 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-vesa:amd64/testing 1:2.3.4-1+b2 uptodate
xserver-xorg-video-vmware:amd64/testing 1:13.2.1-1+b1 uptodate
答案1
要安装 a .deb，您应该使用gdebi来解决依赖关系问题：
sudo apt-get install gdebi
sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386
sudo aptitude update
wget -O skype-install.deb http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb
sudo gdebi skype-install.deb
sudo ln -s /usr/lib/mesa-diverted/i386-linux-gnu/libGL.so.1 /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/
skype
启动 Skype 时出现问题
在 64 位环境中启动 Skype（本机 32 位二进制文件）时，您可能会遇到以下错误并且 Skype 拒绝启动：
ln -s /usr/lib/mesa-diverted/i386-linux-gnu/libGL.so.1 /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/
编辑
删除/评论unstable您的来源/etc/apt/sources.list
创建一个/etc/apt/preferences包含以下内容的文件：
Package: *
Pin: release a=stable
Pin-Priority: 1001
跑步 ：
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade