所以我在同一磁盘上安装了 Windows 10 和 Ubuntu 16.04 的双启动系统。启动时我可以在这两个选项之间进行选择。配置：sda1 + sda2 windows，sda3 ubuntu sda4 swapp
现在我已经格式化了 Ubuntu 分区并安装了 Ubuntu Mate 18.04.1。我不得不尝试多次，因为我无法再启动 Ubuntu，只能启动 Windows。由于 Ubuntu 是我的主系统，而 Windows“仅”用于游戏，因此这是不可接受的。在互联网上，有人建议对 /boot/efi 使用单个分区。这有效。但我再也无法启动 Windows。使用 grub-customiser，我尝试使用 chainloader 选项从 sda1 或 sda2 手动启动，但无法启动。boot-repair 也没有帮助我。
我能做些什么？
启动修复日志（启动和建议的修复，无法全部发布）
Boot Info Script 8f991e4 + Boot-Repair extra info [Boot-Info 25oct2017]
============================= Boot Info Summary: ===============================
=> Grub2 (v2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 1 of
the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks
for (,msdos7)/boot/grub. It also embeds following components:
modules
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
fshelp ext2 part_msdos biosdisk
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
=> Grub2 (v2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb and looks at sector 1 of
the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks
for /boot/grub. It also embeds following components:
modules
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
fshelp ext2 part_msdos biosdisk search_fs_uuid
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
config script
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
search.fs_uuid 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38 root hd0,msdos7
set prefix=($root)'/boot/grub'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows 8/2012: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /bootmgr /Boot/BCD
sda2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows 8/2012: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /bootmgr /Windows/System32/winload.exe
sda3: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: Extended Partition
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sda5: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: vfat
Boot sector type: FAT32
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg /EFI/BOOT/fbx64.efi
/EFI/ubuntu/fwupx64.efi /EFI/ubuntu/grubx64.efi
/EFI/ubuntu/mmx64.efi /EFI/ubuntu/shimx64.efi
sda6: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: swap
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sda7: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System:
Boot files:
sdb2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows Vista: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files:
============================ Drive/Partition Info: =============================
Drive: sda _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sda: 119.2 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2,048 206,847 204,800 7 NTFS / exFAT / HPFS
/dev/sda2 206,848 134,424,575 134,217,728 7 NTFS / exFAT / HPFS
/dev/sda3 134,426,622 250,068,991 115,642,370 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 249,679,872 250,068,991 389,120 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sda6 241,483,776 249,679,871 8,196,096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda7 134,426,624 241,481,727 107,055,104 83 Linux
Drive: sdb _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sdb: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sdb1 2,048 976,562,175 976,560,128 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 976,562,176 1,953,523,711 976,961,536 7 NTFS / exFAT / HPFS
"blkid" output: ________________________________________________________________
Device UUID TYPE LABEL
/dev/loop0 squashfs
/dev/loop1 squashfs
/dev/loop2 squashfs
/dev/loop3 squashfs
/dev/loop4 squashfs
/dev/loop5 squashfs
/dev/sda1 2A305B70305B424D ntfs System-reserviert
/dev/sda2 DE3C69153C68EA4B ntfs
/dev/sda5 9B1A-75A3 vfat
/dev/sda6 676623b7-4e0b-4ed9-a0a9-22f6dc833e98 swap
/dev/sda7 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38 ext4
/dev/sdb1 aeed298b-9fde-4f02-a35e-a40d56ed5fe5 ext4
/dev/sdb2 2FC71E081224AF73 ntfs windata
========================= "ls -l /dev/disk/by-id" output: ======================
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 30 19:53 ata-HL-DT-ST_DVDRAM_GH24NS95_K51CBNB2036 -> ../../sr0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 30 21:06 ata-M4-CT128M4SSD2_0000000013020924D0E6 -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 ata-M4-CT128M4SSD2_0000000013020924D0E6-part1 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 ata-M4-CT128M4SSD2_0000000013020924D0E6-part2 -> ../../sda2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 ata-M4-CT128M4SSD2_0000000013020924D0E6-part3 -> ../../sda3
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 ata-M4-CT128M4SSD2_0000000013020924D0E6-part5 -> ../../sda5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 ata-M4-CT128M4SSD2_0000000013020924D0E6-part6 -> ../../sda6
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 ata-M4-CT128M4SSD2_0000000013020924D0E6-part7 -> ../../sda7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 30 21:06 ata-ST1000DM003-1CH162_S1D7T6XN -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 ata-ST1000DM003-1CH162_S1D7T6XN-part1 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 ata-ST1000DM003-1CH162_S1D7T6XN-part2 -> ../../sdb2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x5000c5005be2ac23 -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x5000c5005be2ac23-part1 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x5000c5005be2ac23-part2 -> ../../sdb2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 30 19:53 wwn-0x5001480000000000 -> ../../sr0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x500a07510924d0e6 -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x500a07510924d0e6-part1 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x500a07510924d0e6-part2 -> ../../sda2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x500a07510924d0e6-part3 -> ../../sda3
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x500a07510924d0e6-part5 -> ../../sda5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x500a07510924d0e6-part6 -> ../../sda6
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 30 21:06 wwn-0x500a07510924d0e6-part7 -> ../../sda7
================================ Mount points: =================================
Device Mount_Point Type Options
/dev/sda1 /media/micha/System-reserviert fuseblk (ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096,uhelper=udisks2)
/dev/sda2 /media/micha/DE3C69153C68EA4B fuseblk (ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096,uhelper=udisks2)
/dev/sda5 /media/micha/9B1A-75A3 vfat (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,showexec,utf8,flush,errors=remount-ro,uhelper=udisks2)
/dev/sda7 / ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
/dev/sdb1 /home ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/sdb2 /media/micha/windata fuseblk (ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096,uhelper=udisks2)
========================== sda5/EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg: ===========================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
search.fs_uuid 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38 root hd0,msdos7
set prefix=($root)'/boot/grub'
configfile $prefix/grub.cfg
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=========================== sda7/boot/grub/grub.cfg: ===========================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
set have_grubenv=true
load_env
fi
if [ "${next_entry}" ] ; then
set default="${next_entry}"
set next_entry=
save_env next_entry
set boot_once=true
else
set default="0"
fi
if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
menuentry_id_option=""
fi
export menuentry_id_option
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
save_env saved_entry
set prev_saved_entry=
save_env prev_saved_entry
set boot_once=true
fi
function savedefault {
if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
saved_entry="${chosen}"
save_env saved_entry
fi
}
function recordfail {
set recordfail=1
if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
}
function load_video {
if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
insmod all_video
else
insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
insmod ieee1275_fb
insmod vbe
insmod vga
insmod video_bochs
insmod video_cirrus
fi
}
if [ x$feature_default_font_path = xy ] ; then
font=unicode
else
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos7'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos7 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos7 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos7 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
fi
font="/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2"
fi
if loadfont $font ; then
set gfxmode=auto
load_video
insmod gfxterm
set locale_dir=$prefix/locale
set lang=de_DE
insmod gettext
fi
terminal_output gfxterm
if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ] ; then
set timeout=30
else
if [ x$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
set timeout_style=menu
set timeout=10
# Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
# unavailable.
else
set timeout=10
fi
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
if background_color 60,59,55; then
clear
fi
color_normal=light-gray/black
if [ -e ${prefix}/themes/ubuntu-mate/theme.txt ]; then
insmod png
theme=${prefix}/themes/ubuntu-mate/theme.txt
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
function gfxmode {
set gfxpayload="${1}"
if [ "${1}" = "keep" ]; then
set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=1
else
set vt_handoff=
fi
}
if [ "${recordfail}" != 1 ]; then
if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then
if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then
if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
export linux_gfx_mode
menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38' {
recordfail
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos7'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos7 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos7 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos7 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
fi
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-33-generic root=UUID=59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38 ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-33-generic
}
submenu 'Erweiterte Optionen für Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38' {
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 4.15.0-33-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-33-generic-advanced-59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38' {
recordfail
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos7'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos7 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos7 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos7 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
fi
echo 'Linux 4.15.0-33-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-33-generic root=UUID=59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38 ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-33-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 4.15.0-33-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-33-generic-recovery-59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38' {
recordfail
load_video
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos7'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos7 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos7 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos7 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
fi
echo 'Linux 4.15.0-33-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-33-generic root=UUID=59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38 ro recovery nomodeset
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-33-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 4.15.0-32-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-32-generic-advanced-59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38' {
recordfail
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos7'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos7 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos7 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos7 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
fi
echo 'Linux 4.15.0-32-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-32-generic root=UUID=59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38 ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-32-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 4.15.0-32-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-32-generic-recovery-59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38' {
recordfail
load_video
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos7'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos7 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos7 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos7 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38
fi
echo 'Linux 4.15.0-32-generic wird geladen …'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-32-generic root=UUID=59884c5a-97a1-4a0d-803b-f08754c18b38 ro recovery nomodeset
echo 'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-32-generic
}
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
menuentry 'System setup' $menuentry_id_option 'uefi-firmware' {
fwsetup
}
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
menuentry "Windows sda1"{
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 2A305B70305B424D
drivemap -s (hd0) ${root}
chainloader +1
}
menuentry "Windows sda2"{
set root='(hd0,2)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set DE3C69153C68EA4B
drivemap -s (hd0) ${root}
chainloader +1
}
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=================== Suggested repair
The default repair of the Boot-Repair utility would reinstall the grub2 of sda7 into the MBRs of all disks (except live-disks and removable disks without OS).
Grub-efi would not be selected by default because: no-win-efi
Additional repair would be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s fix-windows-boot