尝试了 AskUbuntu 上其他几个问题提供的解决方案，但是都没有像下面描述的那样起作用。
在 Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS 上，当我运行
sudo apt update
我们收到以下错误。
Ign:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease
Err:3 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security Release
Could not open file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/security.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-security_Release - open (30: Read-only file system) [IP: 2001:67c:1560:8001::11 80]
Hit:2 http://nyc2.mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Err:2 http://nyc2.mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial InReleasetempfiles for splitting up /var/lib/apt/lists/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial_InRelease
Could not execute 'apt-key' to verify signature (is gnupg installed?)
Ign:4 http://nyc2.mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease
Ign:5 http://nyc2.mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease
Err:6 http://nyc2.mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial-updates Release
Could not open file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-updates_Release - open (30: Read-only file system) [IP: 2604:a880:0:1::4 80]
Err:7 http://nyc2.mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial-backports Release
Could not open file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-backports_Release - open (30: Read-only file system) [IP: 192.241.164.26 80]
Reading package lists... Done
W: chown to _apt:root of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/partial failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system)
W: chmod 0700 of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/partial failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system)
W: Not using locking for read only lock file /var/lib/apt/lists/lock
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.IRU0Ss - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.xj8X0s - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.3xfW8s - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.DxtUgt - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/security.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-security_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/security.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-security_Release - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system)
E: The repository 'http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security Release' does not have a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system)
W: chown to _apt:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system)
W: chmod 0600 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system)
W: chown to root:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial_InRelease failed - 400::URIFailure (30: Read-only file system)
W: chmod 0644 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial_InRelease failed - 400::URIFailure (30: Read-only file system)
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://nyc2.mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease: Could not execute 'apt-key' to verify signature (is gnupg installed?)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-updates_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-backports_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-updates_Release - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system)
E: The repository 'http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial-updates Release' does not have a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.digitalocean.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-backports_Release - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system)
E: The repository 'http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu xenial-backports Release' does not have a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/cache/apt/pkgcache.bin - RemoveCaches (30: Read-only file system)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/cache/apt/srcpkgcache.bin - RemoveCaches (30: Read-only file system)
W: Not using locking for read only lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock
尝试 1
~# mount -o remount,rw /
~# reboot
结果：重启后出现同样的错误。
第二次尝试
~# sudo fsck -Af
fsck from util-linux 2.27.1
~#reboot
结果：重启后出现同样的错误。
更多信息
~# dmesg | grep "EXT4-fs error"
~# mount -t ext4
/dev/vda1 on / type ext4 (ro,relatime,data=ordered)
发生了什么事？有什么想法吗？
答案1
我在 Ubuntu 18.04.4 上遇到了同样的问题。
然后，我发现在目录中我无法运行任何内容，因为terminal目录文件系统是。我以为重新启动可以解决问题，但我的计算机在重新启动时卡在部分。我的主目录挂载为 /dev/sda2（查看）。homehomeread-only(initramfs) _sudo fdisk -l
根据这我输入的答案是：
(initramfs) fsck /dev/sda2
然后：
(initramfs) reboot
这解决了我的问题，我可以运行apt update和做其他事情。
笔记：此解决方案只是临时解决方案。如果我找到永久解决方案，我会通知您。
编辑：我找到了解决办法。如果你的磁盘有大量的 ，就会出现这个问题bad sectors。你必须忽略磁盘上的这些坏扇区。