已解决：我已经让它静置了几个小时，突然它又起作用了。不知道为什么。
我在安装和卸载 VMware Tools 磁盘后遇到了问题，而且硬盘上还有剩余空间，所以这不是问题。运行时apt-get update（或任何涉及文件系统写入操作的 apt 命令），它会返回以下错误：
Ign:1 http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian stretch InRelease
Bra:3 http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian stretch Release
Fel:4 http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian stretch Release.gpg
Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.e9QnPU for passing config to apt-key
Läs:2 http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian stretch-updates InRelease [88,5 kB]
Läs:5 http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates InRelease [62,9 kB]
Fel:2 http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian stretch-updates InRelease
Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.ybseOZ for passing config to apt-key
Fel:5 http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates InRelease
Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.1eqo60 for passing config to apt-key
Hämtade 151 kB på 0s (608 kB/s)
Läser paketlistor… Fel!
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian stretch Release: Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.e9QnPU for passing config to apt-key
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian stretch-updates InRelease: Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.ybseOZ for passing config to apt-key
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates InRelease: Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.1eqo60 for passing config to apt-key
W: Misslyckades med att hämta http://security.debian.org/debian-security/dists/stretch/updates/InRelease Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.1eqo60 for passing config to apt-key
W: Misslyckades med att hämta http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian/dists/stretch-updates/InRelease Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.ybseOZ for passing config to apt-key
W: Misslyckades med att hämta http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian/dists/stretch/Release.gpg Couldn't create temporary file /tmp/apt.conf.e9QnPU for passing config to apt-key
W: Vissa indexfiler kunde inte hämtas. De har ignorerats eller så har de gamla använts istället.
E: Couldn't create temporary file to work with /var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.se.debian.org_debian_dists_stretch_Release - mkstemp (30: Filsystemet endast läsbart)
E: Paketlistan eller statusfilen kunde inte tolkas eller öppnas.
我尝试运行：e2fsck -f /dev/sda2但它返回系统已安装的错误。所以我尝试将其安装为读写但没有任何进一步的成功。
我想解决这个问题的方法可能是重新安装 Debian，但我上面有一个 Web 主机和 MySQL 服务器，如果这一切都丢失了，那就太可惜了。
这是我的kern.log：
Aug 20 14:47:39 debian kernel: [49434.088879] UDF-fs: warning (device sr0): udf_fill_super: No partition found (2)
Aug 20 14:47:39 debian kernel: [49434.091270] ISO 9660 Extensions: RRIP_1991A
Aug 20 15:07:30 debian kernel: [50624.369853] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
Aug 20 15:08:06 debian kernel: [50661.286546] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
Aug 20 15:09:20 debian kernel: [50734.996517] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
Aug 20 15:10:39 debian kernel: [50813.404245] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
Aug 20 15:11:34 debian kernel: [50868.840057] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
我的系统日志的一部分：
Aug 20 22:39:31 debian systemd[1]: phpsessionclean.service: Failed to run 'start' task: Read-only file system Aug 20 22:39:31 debian systemd[1]: Failed to start Clean php session files. Aug 20 22:39:31 debian systemd[1]: phpsessionclean.service: Failed with result 'resources'. Aug 20 22:40:01 debian CRON[22532]: (CRON) error (create tmpfile) Aug 20 22:40:01 debian CRON[22531]: (CRON) error (create tmpfile) Aug 20 22:41:01 debian CRON[22535]: (CRON) error (create tmpfile) Aug 20 22:41:01 debian CRON[22534]: (CRON) error (create tmpfile)