我正在尝试让我的 Mac Mini 2014 自动启动 Ubuntu 22.04。我使用的是单启动，我用不着 OSX El Capitan，它太旧了。
这台 Mac mini 的内部磁盘有缺陷，无法使用，因此尝试在两个 2TB 外部 USB 磁盘上安装 Ubuntu。
我已经设法通过启动管理器从 USB 启动来安装 Ubuntu。
简而言之，如果在没有任何交互的情况下启动机器，我会看到问号图标，但什么都不会启动，如果我按住选项键，启动管理器会向我显示一个允许我启动的 EFI 启动图标。
我尝试过很多选择，但都没有效果。
Last login: Thu Mar 9 22:36:11 2023 from 192.168.2.233
stephen@stephen-Macmini:~$ df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 801344 1984 799360 1% /run
/dev/sdb3 1849632920 10113548 1745489396 1% /
tmpfs 4006712 0 4006712 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
/dev/sdc1 1921724608 28 1824032524 1% /opt
/dev/sdb2 47745772 186628 45101340 1% /boot
/dev/sdb1 24401200 10688 24390512 1% /boot/efi
tmpfs 801340 76 801264 1% /run/user/128
tmpfs 801340 68 801272 1% /run/user/1000
stephen@stephen-Macmini:~$ efibootmgr
BootCurrent: 0000
Timeout: 5 seconds
BootOrder: 0001,0000
Boot0000* ubuntu
Boot0001* rEFInd Boot Manager
stephen@stephen-Macmini:~$
- 双启动 OSX 和 Ubuntu - 进入 Grub shell
- 已安装 refind，但无法加载。
- 尝试了启动修复（将默认的 EFI 启动换回 ubuntu）启动修复日志：
boot-repair-4ppa2056 [20230309_2330]
============================== Boot Info Summary ===============================
=> No boot loader is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda.
=> No boot loader is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb.
=> No boot loader is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdc.
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system:
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: vfat
Boot sector type: FAT32
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /EFI/refind/refind.conf /efi/BOOT/bkpbootx64.efi
/efi/BOOT/bootx64.efi /efi/BOOT/fbx64.efi
/efi/BOOT/mmx64.efi /efi/refind/refind_x64.efi
/efi/ubuntu/grubx64.efi /efi/ubuntu/mmx64.efi
/efi/ubuntu/shimx64.efi /efi/ubuntu/grub.cfg
/efi/refind/drivers_x64/ext4_x64.efi
sdb2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System:
Boot files: /grub/grub.cfg /refind_linux.conf
sdb3: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS
Boot files: /etc/fstab /etc/default/grub
sdc1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System:
Boot files:
================================ 1 OS detected =================================
OS#1: Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS on sdb3
================================ Host/Hardware =================================
CPU architecture: 64-bit
Video: Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller from Intel Corporation
BOOT_IMAGE of the installed session in use:
/vmlinuz-5.19.0-35-generic root=UUID=80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72 ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7
df -Th / : /dev/sdb3 ext4 1.8T 9.7G 1.7T 1% /
===================================== UEFI =====================================
BIOS/UEFI firmware: 474.0.0.0.0(0.1) from Apple Inc.
The firmware is EFI-compatible, and is set in EFI-mode for this installed-session.
SecureBoot disabled - This system doesn't support Secure Boot.
BootCurrent: 0000
Timeout: 5 seconds
BootOrder: 0001,0000
Boot0000* ubuntu HD(1,GPT,177a4c8c-092d-49d1-8e2f-6c12d270bdb6,0x800,0x2e90800)/File(\EFI\ubuntu\shimx64.efi)
Boot0001* rEFInd Boot Manager HD(1,GPT,177a4c8c-092d-49d1-8e2f-6c12d270bdb6,0x800,0x2e90800)/File(\EFI\refind\refind_x64.efi)
============================= Drive/Partition Info =============================
Disks info: ____________________________________________________________________
sdb : is-GPT, no-BIOSboot, has---ESP, usb-disk, not-mmc, has-os, no-wind, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
sdc : is-GPT, no-BIOSboot, has-noESP, usb-disk, not-mmc, no-os, no-wind, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
sda : is-GPT, no-BIOSboot, has-noESP, not-usb, not-mmc, no-os, no-wind, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
Partitions info (1/3): _________________________________________________________
sdb3 : is-os, 64, apt-get, signed grub-pc grub-efi , grub2, grub-install, grubenv-ok, update-grub, farbios
sdb2 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, grubenv-ok, noupdategrub, not-far
sdb1 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, not-far
sdc1 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, farbios
sda1 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, farbios
Partitions info (2/3): _________________________________________________________
sdb3 : isnotESP, fstab-has-goodEFI, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdb2 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdb1 : is---ESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdc1 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sda1 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
Partitions info (3/3): _________________________________________________________
sdb3 : not--sepboot, with-boot, fstab-has-goodBOOT, not-sep-usr, with--usr, fstab-without-usr, std-grub.d, sdb
sdb2 : is---sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdb
sdb1 : not--sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdb
sdc1 : maybesepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdc
sda1 : maybesepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sda
fdisk -l (filtered): ___________________________________________________________
Disk sda: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk identifier: 69FFEE35-158D-45DB-B7AE-375F7C302D00
Start End Sectors Size Type
sda1 2048 1953523711 1953521664 931.5G Linux filesystem
Disk sdb: 1.82 TiB, 2000398933504 bytes, 3907029167 sectors
Disk identifier: A893875B-4911-4A9F-813A-764D4781DA37
Start End Sectors Size Type
sdb1 2048 48828415 48826368 23.3G EFI System
sdb2 48828416 146485247 97656832 46.6G Linux filesystem
sdb3 146485248 3907028991 3760543744 1.8T Linux filesystem
Disk sdc: 1.82 TiB, 2000398933504 bytes, 3907029167 sectors
Disk identifier: 2B13202B-160E-406C-B7F9-82355C51F56B
Start End Sectors Size Type
sdc1 2048 3907028991 3907026944 1.8T Linux filesystem
parted -lm (filtered): _________________________________________________________
sda:1000GB:scsi:512:4096:gpt:ATA APPLE HDD HTS541:;
1:1049kB:1000GB:1000GB:::;
sdb:2000GB:scsi:512:4096:gpt:Seagate Expansion HDD:;
1:1049kB:25.0GB:25.0GB:fat32::boot, esp;
2:25.0GB:75.0GB:50.0GB:ext4::;
3:75.0GB:2000GB:1925GB:ext4::;
sdc:2000GB:scsi:512:4096:gpt:Seagate Expansion HDD:;
1:1049kB:2000GB:2000GB:ext4::;
blkid (filtered): ______________________________________________________________
NAME FSTYPE UUID PARTUUID LABEL PARTLABEL
sda
└─sda1 d4140924-5c9d-43e6-83b2-10d3cacb899f
sdb
├─sdb1 vfat 8F51-453D 177a4c8c-092d-49d1-8e2f-6c12d270bdb6
├─sdb2 ext4 eed1593a-031d-49ee-ac0f-c34cdb51079d 054d946b-fa6a-4e92-a13c-de019ab978ba
└─sdb3 ext4 80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72 9fc9a23d-9cac-4cf6-8d6f-ddcf57de0d48
sdc
└─sdc1 ext4 f66d68d3-0076-4692-804d-e517ce13dd60 f78bae7e-578a-4dba-8d29-6dd0017ef115
Mount points (filtered): _______________________________________________________
Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb2 43G 0% /boot
/dev/sdb3 1.6T 1% /
/dev/sdc1 1.7T 0% /opt
Mount options (filtered): ______________________________________________________
==================== sdb1/EFI/refind/refind.conf (filtered) ====================
timeout 20
use_nvram false
menuentry Linux {
icon EFI/refind/icons/os_linux.png
volume 904404F8-B481-440C-A1E3-11A5A954E601
loader bzImage-3.3.0-rc7
initrd initrd-3.3.0.img
options "ro root=UUID=5f96cafa-e0a7-4057-b18f-fa709db5b837"
disabled
}
menuentry "Arch Linux" {
icon /EFI/refind/icons/os_arch.png
volume "Arch Linux"
loader /boot/vmlinuz-linux
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img
options "root=PARTUUID=5028fa50-0079-4c40-b240-abfaf28693ea rw add_efi_memmap"
submenuentry "Boot using fallback initramfs" {
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-fallback.img
}
submenuentry "Boot to terminal" {
add_options "systemd.unit=multi-user.target"
}
disabled
}
menuentry Ubuntu {
loader /EFI/ubuntu/grubx64.efi
icon /EFI/refind/icons/os_linux.png
disabled
}
menuentry "ELILO" {
loader \EFI\elilo\elilo.efi
disabled
}
menuentry "Windows 7" {
loader \EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi
disabled
}
menuentry "Windows via shell script" {
icon \EFI\refind\icons\os_win.png
loader \EFI\tools\shell.efi
options "fs0:\EFI\tools\launch_windows.nsh"
disabled
}
menuentry "My macOS" {
icon \EFI\refind\icons\os_mac.png
volume "macOS boot"
loader \System\Library\CoreServices\boot.efi
disabled
}
menuentry "macOS via BootNext" {
icon /EFI/refind/icons/os_mac.png
firmware_bootnum 80
disabled
}
===================== sdb1/efi/ubuntu/grub.cfg (filtered) ======================
search.fs_uuid eed1593a-031d-49ee-ac0f-c34cdb51079d root hd1,gpt2
set prefix=($root)'/grub'
configfile $prefix/grub.cfg
======================== sdb2/grub/grub.cfg (filtered) =========================
Ubuntu 80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72
Ubuntu, with Linux 5.19.0-35-generic 80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72
Ubuntu, with Linux 5.19.0-32-generic 80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
====================== sdb2/refind_linux.conf (filtered) =======================
"Boot with standard options" "root=UUID=80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72 ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7"
"Boot to single-user mode" "root=UUID=80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72 ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 single"
"Boot with minimal options" "ro root=UUID=80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72"
==================== sdb2: Location of files loaded by Grub ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
55.420860291 = 59.507695616 grub/grub.cfg 1
23.833614349 = 25.591148544 vmlinuz 1
23.431636810 = 25.159528448 vmlinuz-5.19.0-32-generic 2
23.833614349 = 25.591148544 vmlinuz-5.19.0-35-generic 1
23.431636810 = 25.159528448 vmlinuz.old 2
23.499778748 = 25.232695296 initrd.img 1
23.904014587 = 25.666740224 initrd.img-5.19.0-32-generic 1
23.499778748 = 25.232695296 initrd.img-5.19.0-35-generic 1
23.904014587 = 25.666740224 initrd.img.old 1
========================== sdb3/etc/fstab (filtered) ===========================
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sdb3 during installation
UUID=80987750-5143-43f9-ba9f-2e9484719a72 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot was on /dev/sdb2 during installation
UUID=eed1593a-031d-49ee-ac0f-c34cdb51079d /boot ext4 defaults 0 2
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sdb1 during installation
UUID=8F51-453D /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
# /opt was on /dev/sdc1 during installation
UUID=f66d68d3-0076-4692-804d-e517ce13dd60 /opt ext4 defaults 0 2
======================= sdb3/etc/default/grub (filtered) =======================
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu
GRUB_TIMEOUT=10
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false
===================== sdb3: ls -l /etc/grub.d/ (filtered) ======================
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 18683 Dec 3 02:18 10_linux
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 43031 Dec 3 02:18 10_linux_zfs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14180 Dec 3 02:18 20_linux_xen
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13369 Dec 3 02:18 30_os-prober
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1372 Dec 3 02:18 30_uefi-firmware
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 700 Sep 20 13:18 35_fwupd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 214 Dec 3 02:18 40_custom
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 215 Dec 3 02:18 41_custom
Suggested repair: ______________________________________________________________
The default repair of the Boot-Repair utility would reinstall the grub-efi of
sdb3,
using the following options: sdb2/boot sdb1/boot/efi
Additional repair would be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s use-standard-efi-file restore-efi-backups
Final advice in case of suggested repair: ______________________________________
Please do not forget to make your UEFI firmware boot on the Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS entry (sdb1/efi/****/grub****.efi (**** will be updated in the final message) file) !
/dev/sda尝试在故障设备上设置 EFI 分区- 尝试在 MacOSX El Capitan（和 Monterey）上安装 refind
我强烈怀疑 Mac 的固件确实无法应对不使用内部 HD 的情况（我已经订购了 OWC 升级套件来替换它）。
如果有人有解决方案或需要更多信息，请帮忙......
