我想grub
从命令行显示菜单。同时选择一个 grub 启动菜单选项并按Enter以查看加载了哪些预内核驱动程序以及加载内核时传递的启动参数。
从命令行执行此操作的原因:
- 重新启动才能查看
grub
菜单需要一些时间。 - 拍摄菜单图片
grub
并发布到网站上很不方便。当 Ubuntu 启动并运行时,抓取屏幕截图会更容易。 - 使用
edit
grub 菜单选项e
并拍照通常很困难,因为屏幕难以阅读。使用此功能,您可以复制并粘贴。 apt list --installed | grep linux-image
使用此功能来显示所有内核版本可能比或更容易ls /boot/vml*
。- 要快速查看 grub 菜单编号
grub-reboot
和grub-set-default
命令,请按价值键。
如何从命令行绘制 grub 菜单、查看内部 grub 菜单项编号并显示给定选项的启动参数?
答案1
2018 年 5 月 7 日更新
开发脚本:Bash 脚本将 Ubuntu 克隆到新分区以测试 18.04 LTS 升级我发现菜单选项长得可笑,导致菜单变得混乱:
4>8 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.30-041430-generic (recovery mode) (on /dev/nvme0n1p8)
今天已通过截断长度超过 68 个字符的行解决了这个问题。
2018 年 4 月 5 日更新
此更新引入了grub-menu.sh
比以前的答案更高级的版本(仍可在下方找到)。新的 grub 菜单功能:
- 显示 grub 2 菜单项编号。即
0
,,,... ,1
1>0
1>1
2
3
- 可以设置不带子菜单选项的
(upstart)
默认简短版本。(recover mode)
- 参数 1 可以作为默认值传递
short
或者long
覆盖。 - 列标题根据
short
或long
设置动态格式化。
彩色屏幕截图(简短版本)
文字截图(长版)
Grub Version: 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.15
┌─────────┤ Use arrow, page, home & end keys. Tab toggle option ├──────────┐
│ Menu No. --------------- Menu Name --------------- │
│ │
│ 0 Ubuntu ↑ │
│ 1 Advanced options for Ubuntu ▮ │
│ 1>0 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.31-041431-generic ▒ │
│ 1>1 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.31-041431-generic (upstart) ▒ │
│ 1>2 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.31-041431-generic (recovery mode) ▒ │
│ 1>3 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.30-041430-generic ▒ │
│ 1>4 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.30-041430-generic (upstart) ▒ │
│ 1>5 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.30-041430-generic (recovery mode) ▒ │
│ 1>6 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.27-041427-generic ▒ │
│ 1>7 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.27-041427-generic (upstart) ▒ │
│ 1>8 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.27-041427-generic (recovery mode) ▒ │
│ 1>9 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.24-041424-generic ▒ │
│ 1>10 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.24-041424-generic (upstart) ▒ │
│ 1>11 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.24-041424-generic (recovery mode) ▒ │
│ 1>12 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.23-041423-generic ▒ │
│ 1>13 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.23-041423-generic (upstart) ↓ │
│ │
│ │
│ <Display Grub Boot> <Exit> │
│ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
grub-menu.sh
bash 脚本
以前的版本grub-display.sh
需要grub-display-lite.sh
在代码中进行许多调整选项。grub-menu.sh
只有一个选项可以调整:
# Default for hide duplicate and triplicate options with (upstart) and (recovery mode)?
HideUpstartRecovery=false
将值设置为true
或false
。
使用以下命令调用脚本时可以覆盖默认格式:
grub-menu.sh short
或者:
grub-menu.sh long
代码:
#!/bin/bash
# NAME: grub-menu.sh
# PATH: $HOME/bin
# DESC: Written for AU Q&A: https://askubuntu.com/q/1019213/307523
# DATE: Apr 5, 2018. Modified: May 7, 2018.
# $TERM variable may be missing when called via desktop shortcut
CurrentTERM=$(env | grep TERM)
if [[ $CurrentTERM == "" ]] ; then
notify-send --urgency=critical "$0 cannot be run from GUI without TERM environment variable."
exit 1
fi
AllMenusArr=() # All menu options.
# Default for hide duplicate and triplicate options with (upstart) and (recovery mode)?
HideUpstartRecovery=false
if [[ $1 == short ]] ; then
HideUpstartRecovery=true # override default with first passed parameter "short"
elif [[ $1 == long ]] ; then
HideUpstartRecovery=false # override default with first passed parameter "long"
fi
SkippedMenuEntry=false # Don't change this value, automatically maintained
InSubMenu=false # Within a line beginning with `submenu`?
InMenuEntry=false # Within a line beginning with `menuentry` and ending in `{`?
NextMenuEntryNo=0 # Next grub internal menu entry number to assign
# Major / Minor internal grub submenu numbers, ie `1>0`, `1>1`, `1>2`, etc.
ThisSubMenuMajorNo=0
NextSubMenuMinorNo=0
CurrTag="" # Current grub internal menu number, zero based
CurrText="" # Current grub menu option text, ie "Ubuntu", "Windows...", etc.
SubMenuList="" # Only supports 10 submenus! Numbered 0 to 9. Future use.
while read -r line; do
# Example: " }"
BlackLine="${line//[[:blank:]]/}" # Remove all whitespace
if [[ $BlackLine == "}" ]] ; then
# Add menu option in buffer
if [[ $SkippedMenuEntry == true ]] ; then
NextSubMenuMinorNo=$(( $NextSubMenuMinorNo + 1 ))
SkippedMenuEntry=false
continue
fi
if [[ $InMenuEntry == true ]] ; then
InMenuEntry=false
if [[ $InSubMenu == true ]] ; then
NextSubMenuMinorNo=$(( $NextSubMenuMinorNo + 1 ))
else
NextMenuEntryNo=$(( $NextMenuEntryNo + 1 ))
fi
elif [[ $InSubMenu == true ]] ; then
InSubMenu=false
NextMenuEntryNo=$(( $NextMenuEntryNo + 1 ))
else
continue # Future error message?
fi
# Set maximum CurrText size to 68 characters.
CurrText="${CurrText:0:67}"
AllMenusArr+=($CurrTag "$CurrText")
fi
# Example: "menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu" ...
# "submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option" ...
if [[ $line == submenu* ]] ; then
# line starts with `submenu`
InSubMenu=true
ThisSubMenuMajorNo=$NextMenuEntryNo
NextSubMenuMinorNo=0
SubMenuList=$SubMenuList$ThisSubMenuMajorNo
CurrTag=$NextMenuEntryNo
CurrText="${line#*\'}"
CurrText="${CurrText%%\'*}"
AllMenusArr+=($CurrTag "$CurrText") # ie "1 Advanced options for Ubuntu"
elif [[ $line == menuentry* ]] && [[ $line == *"{"* ]] ; then
# line starts with `menuentry` and ends with `{`
if [[ $HideUpstartRecovery == true ]] ; then
if [[ $line == *"(upstart)"* ]] || [[ $line == *"(recovery mode)"* ]] ; then
SkippedMenuEntry=true
continue
fi
fi
InMenuEntry=true
if [[ $InSubMenu == true ]] ; then
: # In a submenu, increment minor instead of major which is "sticky" now.
CurrTag=$ThisSubMenuMajorNo">"$NextSubMenuMinorNo
else
CurrTag=$NextMenuEntryNo
fi
CurrText="${line#*\'}"
CurrText="${CurrText%%\'*}"
else
continue # Other stuff - Ignore it.
fi
done < /boot/grub/grub.cfg
LongVersion=$(grub-install --version)
ShortVersion=$(echo "${LongVersion:20}")
DefaultItem=0
if [[ $HideUpstartRecovery == true ]] ; then
MenuText="Menu No. ----------- Menu Name -----------"
else
MenuText="Menu No. --------------- Menu Name ---------------"
fi
while true ; do
Choice=$(whiptail \
--title "Use arrow, page, home & end keys. Tab toggle option" \
--backtitle "Grub Version: $ShortVersion" \
--ok-button "Display Grub Boot" \
--cancel-button "Exit" \
--default-item "$DefaultItem" \
--menu "$MenuText" 24 76 16 \
"${AllMenusArr[@]}" \
2>&1 >/dev/tty)
clear
if [[ $Choice == "" ]]; then break ; fi
DefaultItem=$Choice
for (( i=0; i < ${#AllMenusArr[@]}; i=i+2 )) ; do
if [[ "${AllMenusArr[i]}" == $Choice ]] ; then
i=$i+1
MenuEntry="menuentry '"${AllMenusArr[i]}"'"
break
fi
done
TheGameIsAfoot=false
while read -r line ; do
if [[ $line = *"$MenuEntry"* ]]; then TheGameIsAfoot=true ; fi
if [[ $TheGameIsAfoot == true ]]; then
echo $line
if [[ $line = *"}"* ]]; then break ; fi
fi
done < /boot/grub/grub.cfg
read -p "Press <Enter> to continue"
done
exit 0
以前的版本(不推荐)
以下是原始答案,其中菜单项编号遵循 grub 1 格式。
grub-display.sh
显示 grub 菜单选项和参数
无需依赖第三方应用程序,您可以使用 bash 脚本显示grub
任何给定选项的菜单和启动参数。启动参数不仅仅是值cat /proc/cmdline
。它们还包括在 Linux 启动之前加载的驱动程序。
grub-display.sh
bash 脚本
以下是您可以复制和粘贴的完整程序列表:
#!/bin/bash
# NAME: grub-display.sh
# PATH: $HOME/bin
# DESC: Written for AU Q&A: https://askubuntu.com/q/1019213/307523
# DATE: Mar 24, 2018. Modified: Mar 26, 2018.
# $TERM variable may be missing when called via desktop shortcut
CurrentTERM=$(env | grep TERM)
if [[ $CurrentTERM == "" ]] ; then
notify-send --urgency=critical "$0 cannot be run from GUI without TERM environment variable."
exit 1
fi
# Must have the dialog package. On Servers, not installed by default
command -v dialog >/dev/null 2>&1 || { echo >&2 "dialog package required but it is not installed. Aborting."; exit 99; }
# Version without upstart and recovery options displayed
#awk -F\' '/menuentry / { print i++, $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg \
# | grep -v upstart | grep -v recovery > ~/.grub-display-menu
# Version with upstart and recovery options displayed
awk -F\' '/menuentry / { print i++, $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg \
> ~/.grub-display-menu
MenuArr=()
while read -r line; do
MenuNmbr=${line%% *}
MenuName=${line#* }
MenuArr+=($MenuNmbr "$MenuName")
done < ~/.grub-display-menu
rm ~/.grub-display-menu
LongVersion=$(grub-install --version)
ShortVersion=$(echo "${LongVersion:20}")
DefaultItem=0
while true ; do
Choice=$(dialog \
--title "Use arrow, page, home & end keys. Tab toggle option" \
--backtitle "Grub Version: $ShortVersion" \
--ok-label "Display Grub Boot" \
--cancel-label "Exit" \
--default-item "$DefaultItem" \
--menu "Menu Number ----------- Menu Name ----------" 24 76 16 \
"${MenuArr[@]}" \
>/dev/tty)
clear
if [[ $Choice == "" ]]; then break ; fi
DefaultItem=$Choice
for (( i=0; i < ${#MenuArr[@]}; i=i+2 )) ; do
if [[ "${MenuArr[i]}" == $Choice ]] ; then
i=$i+1
MenuEntry="menuentry '"${MenuArr[i]}"'"
break
fi
done
TheGameIsAfoot=false
while read -r line ; do
if [[ $line = *"$MenuEntry"* ]]; then TheGameIsAfoot=true ; fi
if [[ $TheGameIsAfoot == true ]]; then
echo $line
if [[ $line = *"}"* ]]; then break ; fi
fi
done < /boot/grub/grub.cfg
read -p "Press <Enter> to continue"
done
exit 0
Ubuntu Server 用户须知
此 bash 脚本专为 Ubuntu Desktop 设计。对于 Ubuntu Server 和其他未默认安装软件包的 Linux 发行版,下面提供了dialog
另一个名为 的脚本。该版本使用而不是。grub-display-lite.sh
whiptail
dialog
将菜单尺寸缩小 66%
要缩短显示的 grub 菜单选项列表,您可以删除(upstart)
和(recovery)
选项。为此,请取消注释以下行:
# Version without upstart and recovery options displayed
awk -F\' '/menuentry / { print i++, $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg \
| grep -v upstart | grep -v recovery > ~/.grub-display-menu
然后对这些行应用注释:
# Version with upstart and recovery options displayed
#awk -F\' '/menuentry / { print i++, $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg \
# > ~/.grub-display-menu
截图
这是从命令行调用时的样子。不幸的是,我无法复制和粘贴菜单,只能使用Print Screen:
关闭鼠标复制粘贴支持
Grub Version: 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.15
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
┌──────────Use arrow, page, home & end keys. Tab toggle option─────────────┐
│ Menu Number ----------- Menu Name ---------- │
│ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ 0 Ubuntu │ │
│ │ 1 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.30-041430-generic │ │
│ │ 2 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.30-041430-generic (upstart) │ │
│ │ 3 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.30-041430-generic (recovery mode) │ │
│ │ 4 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.27-041427-generic │ │
│ │ 5 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.27-041427-generic (upstart) │ │
│ │ 6 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.27-041427-generic (recovery mode) │ │
│ │ 7 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.24-041424-generic │ │
│ │ 8 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.24-041424-generic (upstart) │ │
│ │ 9 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.24-041424-generic (recovery mode) │ │
│ │ 10 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.23-041423-generic │ │
│ │ 11 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.23-041423-generic (upstart) │ │
│ │ 12 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.23-041423-generic (recovery mode) │ │
│ │ 13 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.21-041421-generic │ │
│ │ 14 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.21-041421-generic (upstart) │ │
│ │ 15 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.21-041421-generic (recovery mode) │ │
│ └────↓(+)──────────────────────────────────────────────────────16%─────┘ │
│ │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ <Display Grub Boot> < Exit > │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
当默认鼠标支持启用时,您无法将屏幕复制到剪贴板,但必须使用Print Screen图形屏幕快照。为了支持复制和粘贴,您需要通过搜索以下行来禁用鼠标支持:
--default-item "$DefaultItem" \
--no-mouse \
--menu "Menu Number ----------- Menu Name ----------" 24 76 16 \
参数--no-mouse
已插入下方--default-item
。这意味着您将失去鼠标支持,但可以通过突出显示文本并按Ctrl+获得更好的分辨率和复制到剪贴板的能力C。
显示 grub 启动参数
使用导航键突出显示一个选项,然后按下Enter以查看其启动参数:
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.27-041427-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.14.27-041427-generic-advanced-f3f8e7bc-b337-4194-88b8-3a513f6be55b' {
recordfail
savedefault
load_video
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root f3f8e7bc-b337-4194-88b8-3a513f6be55b
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root f3f8e7bc-b337-4194-88b8-3a513f6be55b
fi
echo 'Loading Linux 4.14.27-041427-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.14.27-041427-generic root=UUID=f3f8e7bc-b337-4194-88b8-3a513f6be55b ro quiet splash loglevel=0 vga=current udev.log-priority=3 fastboot kaslr acpiphp.disable=1 crashkernel=384M-2G:128M,2G-:256M $vt_handoff
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-4.14.27-041427-generic
}
Press <Enter> to continue
Grub 菜单条目 #94
menuentry 'Windows Boot Manager (on /dev/nvme0n1p2)' --class windows --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-efi-D656-F2A8' {
savedefault
insmod part_gpt
insmod fat
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root D656-F2A8
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root D656-F2A8
fi
chainloader /EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
}
Press <Enter> to continue
Grub 菜单条目 #96
menuentry 'System setup' $menuentry_id_option 'uefi-firmware' {
fwsetup
}
Press <Enter> to continue
grub-display-lite.sh
对于 Ubuntu 服务器
Ubuntu Server 和 Lubuntu 不像Ubuntu Desktop 那样默认安装软件包。我们根据大多数 Linux 发行版默认包含的软件包dialog
为这些用户编写了不同的版本。whiptail
的缺点whiptail
是功能较少,但在本例中没有用到。另一个缺点似乎是颜色较少,但这可以让一些人更容易阅读。over 的优点包括whiptail
复制dialog
到剪贴板、鼠标滚轮支持以及可能更快的处理速度。
grub-display-lite.sh
bash 脚本
#!/bin/bash
# NAME: grub-display-lite.sh
# PATH: $HOME/bin
# DESC: Written for AU Q&A: https://askubuntu.com/q/1019213/307523
# DATE: Mar 26, 2018.
# NOTE: "lite" version written for Ubuntu Server and Lubuntu which do
# not have `dialog` installed by default. `whiptail` is used
# instead. Nice consequences are better resolution, mouse scroll
# wheel and copy to clipboard support.
# $TERM variable may be missing when called via desktop shortcut
CurrentTERM=$(env | grep TERM)
if [[ $CurrentTERM == "" ]] ; then
notify-send --urgency=critical "$0 cannot be run from GUI without TERM environment variable."
exit 1
fi
# Version without upstart and recovery options displayed
awk -F\' '/menuentry / { print i++, $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg \
| grep -v upstart | grep -v recovery > ~/.grub-display-menu
# Version with upstart and recovery options displayed
#awk -F\' '/menuentry / { print i++, $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg \
# > ~/.grub-display-menu
MenuArr=()
while read -r line; do
MenuNmbr=${line%% *}
MenuName=${line#* }
MenuArr+=($MenuNmbr "$MenuName")
done < ~/.grub-display-menu
rm ~/.grub-display-menu
LongVersion=$(grub-install --version)
ShortVersion=$(echo "${LongVersion:20}")
DefaultItem=0
while true ; do
Choice=$(whiptail \
--title "Use arrow, page, home & end keys. Tab toggle option" \
--backtitle "Grub Version: $ShortVersion" \
--ok-button "Display Grub Boot" \
--cancel-button "Exit" \
--default-item "$DefaultItem" \
--menu "Menu Number ----------- Menu Name ----------" 24 76 16 \
"${MenuArr[@]}" \
>/dev/tty)
clear
if [[ $Choice == "" ]]; then break ; fi
DefaultItem=$Choice
for (( i=0; i < ${#MenuArr[@]}; i=i+2 )) ; do
if [[ "${MenuArr[i]}" == $Choice ]] ; then
i=$i+1
MenuEntry="menuentry '"${MenuArr[i]}"'"
break
fi
done
TheGameIsAfoot=false
while read -r line ; do
if [[ $line = *"$MenuEntry"* ]]; then TheGameIsAfoot=true ; fi
if [[ $TheGameIsAfoot == true ]]; then
echo $line
if [[ $line = *"}"* ]]; then break ; fi
fi
done < /boot/grub/grub.cfg
read -p "Press <Enter> to continue"
done
exit 0
bash脚本grub-display-lite.sh
基本与 相同,只是如果未安装grub-display.sh
则不会显示错误消息。此外,一些参数的名称也不同。dialog
whiptail
grub-display-lite.sh
截图
grub-display
彩色屏幕似乎比使用包的屏幕更容易阅读dialog
:
这是基于文本的图像,无需修改即可复制到剪贴板:
Grub Version: 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.15
┌─────────┤ Use arrow, page, home & end keys. Tab toggle option ├──────────┐
│ Menu Number ----------- Menu Name ---------- │
│ │
│ 55 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.13.9-041309-generic ↑ │
│ 58 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.10.0-42-generic ▒ │
│ 61 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.10.0-40-generic ▒ │
│ 64 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.10.0-38-generic ▒ │
│ 67 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.10.0-37-generic ▒ │
│ 70 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.10.0-28-generic ▒ │
│ 73 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.9.77-040977-generic ▒ │
│ 76 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.9.76-040976-generic ▒ │
│ 79 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.4.0-104-generic ▒ │
│ 82 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.4.0-103-generic ▒ │
│ 85 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.4.0-101-generic ▒ │
│ 88 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.4.0-98-generic ▒ │
│ 91 Ubuntu, with Linux 3.16.53-031653-generic ▒ │
│ 94 Windows Boot Manager (on /dev/nvme0n1p2) ▮ │
│ 95 Windows Boot Manager (on /dev/sda1) ▒ │
│ 96 System setup ↓ │
│ │
│ │
│ <Display Grub Boot> <Exit> │
│ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
(upstart)
如上所述,删除菜单选项后,您可以将此处显示的 grub 菜单大小减少 66% (recovery)
。这里就是这种情况,但结果是详细信息行变窄,标题无法完美对齐。您可以通过更改此行来调整列标题:
--menu "Menu Number ----------- Menu Name ----------" 24 76 16 \
像这样:
--menu " Menu Number ----------- Menu Name ----------" 24 76 16 \
答案2
预览 grub 菜单的另一种方法(不如最多投票的答案那么强大,但我认为添加这种方法可能会很有用)是通过在终端中运行以下命令来安装 grub-emu 包(它在 Ubuntu 存储库中可用):
sudo apt-get install grub-emu
根据https://packages.ubuntu.com这个软件包从 Ubuntu 16.04 开始就可用,而且现在我正在运行 Ubuntu 20.04,它仍然可用。
备注:为了使用键盘浏览菜单,您需要在前台运行 grub-emu 的窗口终端。
参见图片:将终端保持在前台,您可以使用箭头和 Enter 按钮检查列表中的每个项目。要关闭 grub-emu,您可以按“c”,然后输入“exit”。我用它来检查我的颜色设置(当我厌倦了它们并想更改它们时)并检查超时(当没有选择 iem 时用于激活项目)