我在 VMware Fusion 10.1.1(在 High Sierra 中)中运行了几个 Debian 9.3 虚拟机,其内核为 4.9.0-5-amd64。
我担心的是,Free 中的总内存不能正确反映我为多个虚拟机留出的内存。
作为测试,我为虚拟机预留了 2GB 空间,但free -m
仅显示 1986MB:
$ free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1986 51 1864 1 70 1825
或没有-m
:
$ free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 2033760 52264 1909584 1108 71912 1869628
Swap: 999420 0 999420
调试情况我也查看/proc/meminfo
并发现了这一点:
$ egrep "MemTotal|DirectMap2M" /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 2033760 kB
DirectMap2M: 2054144 kB
所以实际上 DirectMap2M 反映的是 2GB;为什么 MemTotal 大约有。那么少了20MB?
有趣的是,在谷歌搜索 MemTotal/DirectMap2M 时发现了这篇文章:内存/Ram 错误
如果您的操作系统通过
free –m
或top
命令显示错误的 RAM 分配,请确保您确实为 VPS 分配了正确的 RAM 量。这只是错误的报告,这是因为我们使用最新的 Xen 4.xx 版本来增强性能,不幸的是,这可能会导致这种异常,在 32 位操作系统模板上更是如此。
另请记住,更现代的内核不会向操作系统提供一些内核保留内存。
那么这里发生了什么?是内核按照他们的建议保留内存吗?为了什么目的?
(是的,他们正在谈论 Xen,这是关于 VmWare Fusion,但这可能是一个线索)
用于补充:
vmstat 输出:
$ vmstat
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 0 1909344 13988 57928 0 0 31 0 19 37 0 0 100 0 0
顶部输出:
$ top -b -n 1 | grep Mem
KiB Mem : 2033760 total, 1906228 free, 52836 used, 74696 buff/cache
KiB Swap: 999420 total, 999420 free, 0 used. 1867664 avail Mem
dmidecode
输出(部分);
Handle 0x0085, DMI type 6, 12 bytes
Memory Module Information
Socket Designation: RAM socket #0
Bank Connections: None
Current Speed: Unknown
Type: EDO DIMM
Installed Size: 2048 MB (Single-bank Connection)
Enabled Size: 2048 MB (Single-bank Connection)
Error Status: OK
输出dmesg
:
$ sudo dmesg | egrep "Memory|Free|ACPI" | egrep -v "edge|wakeup|noapic|Added|Bug|IRQ|pnp|Plug"
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007fee0000-0x000000007fefefff] ACPI data
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007feff000-0x000000007fefffff] ACPI NVS
[ 0.000000] ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled
[ 0.000000] ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000F6A10 000024 (v02 PTLTD )
[ 0.000000] ACPI: XSDT 0x000000007FEEB683 00005C (v01 INTEL 440BX 06040000 VMW 01324272)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: FACP 0x000000007FEFEE73 0000F4 (v04 INTEL 440BX 06040000 PTL 000F4240)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: DSDT 0x000000007FEEC923 012550 (v01 PTLTD Custom 06040000 MSFT 03000001)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: FACS 0x000000007FEFFFC0 000040
[ 0.000000] ACPI: FACS 0x000000007FEFFFC0 000040
[ 0.000000] ACPI: BOOT 0x000000007FEEC8FB 000028 (v01 PTLTD $SBFTBL$ 06040000 LTP 00000001)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: APIC 0x000000007FEEC1B9 000742 (v01 PTLTD ? APIC 06040000 LTP 00000000)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: MCFG 0x000000007FEEC17D 00003C (v01 PTLTD $PCITBL$ 06040000 LTP 00000001)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: SRAT 0x000000007FEEB77F 000880 (v02 VMWARE MEMPLUG 06040000 VMW 00000001)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: HPET 0x000000007FEEB747 000038 (v01 VMWARE VMW HPET 06040000 VMW 00000001)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: WAET 0x000000007FEEB71F 000028 (v01 VMWARE VMW WAET 06040000 VMW 00000001)
[ 0.000000] ACPI: Local APIC address 0xfee00000
[ 0.000000] ACPI: SRAT: Node 0 PXM 0 [mem 0x00000000-0x0009ffff]
[ 0.000000] ACPI: SRAT: Node 0 PXM 0 [mem 0x00100000-0x7fffffff]
[ 0.000000] ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x1008
[ 0.000000] ACPI: Local APIC address 0xfee00000
[ 0.000000] Using ACPI for processor (LAPIC) configuration information
[ 0.000000] ACPI: HPET id: 0x8086af01 base: 0xfed00000
[ 0.000000] Memory: 2011544K/2096628K available (6196K kernel code, 1159K rwdata, 2848K rodata, 1408K init, 688K bss, 85084K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
[ 0.005465] ACPI: 1 ACPI AML tables successfully acquired and loaded
[ 0.005475] ACPI: setting ELCR to 0200 (from 0e80)
[ 0.044362] x86/mm: Memory block size: 128MB
[ 0.046853] PM: Registering ACPI NVS region [mem 0x7feff000-0x7fefffff] (4096 bytes)
[ 0.170037] ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (domain 0000 [bus 00-7f])
[ 0.178855] pci 0000:00:07.3: quirk: [io 0x1000-0x103f] claimed by PIIX4 ACPI
[ 0.282772] ACPI: Enabled 2 GPEs in block 00 to 0F
[ 0.995687] Freeing initrd memory: 17572K
[ 1.085789] Freeing unused kernel memory: 1408K
[ 1.085832] Freeing unused kernel memory: 1980K
[ 1.085873] Freeing unused kernel memory: 1248K
完整/proc/meminfo
输出:
$ cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 2033760 kB
MemFree: 1906864 kB
MemAvailable: 1868300 kB
Buffers: 14720 kB
Cached: 50220 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 45004 kB
Inactive: 28204 kB
Active(anon): 8308 kB
Inactive(anon): 1064 kB
Active(file): 36696 kB
Inactive(file): 27140 kB
Unevictable: 0 kB
Mlocked: 0 kB
SwapTotal: 999420 kB
SwapFree: 999420 kB
Dirty: 0 kB
Writeback: 0 kB
AnonPages: 8284 kB
Mapped: 14860 kB
Shmem: 1108 kB
Slab: 23996 kB
SReclaimable: 9756 kB
SUnreclaim: 14240 kB
KernelStack: 3052 kB
PageTables: 1348 kB
NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
Bounce: 0 kB
WritebackTmp: 0 kB
CommitLimit: 2016300 kB
Committed_AS: 38852 kB
VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed: 0 kB
VmallocChunk: 0 kB
HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB
AnonHugePages: 0 kB
ShmemHugePages: 0 kB
ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB
HugePages_Total: 0
HugePages_Free: 0
HugePages_Rsvd: 0
HugePages_Surp: 0
Hugepagesize: 2048 kB
DirectMap4k: 42880 kB
DirectMap2M: 2054144 kB
DirectMap1G: 0 kB
答案1
free
等/proc/meminfo
仅显示用户空间实际可用的内存;内核留出一些内存供自己使用。如果您Memory:
在启动日志中查找一行(/var/log/dmesg.0
或类似的行,或journalctl
),您会看到类似的内容
Memory: 32818828K/33439808K available (5612K kernel code, 1083K rwdata, 1896K rodata, 1264K init, 832K bss, 620980K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
启动后可用的内存量通常会略大于此处指示的量,因为一些用于初始化的内存会返回给系统,并且保留的内存量可能会发生变化(例如如果它是为集成 GPU 保留的);就我而言,MemTotal
显示 32062 MiB 而不是上面给出的 32049 MiB。
在您的情况下,仅保留 62MiB (2048 – 1986);这足以覆盖内核代码和数据,再加上一些保留的内存。启动日志还将包括系统内存映射的详细信息,该映射应占大部分保留内存(它是为固件、ACPI 等保留的,即使在虚拟机中也是如此)。
MemTotal
永远不会与已安装的物理内存量或为虚拟机分配的内存量相对应,并且这很正常。
答案2
补充@StephenKitt的答案,确认MemTotal
不是整个可用RAM的值:
从内核源代码来看,Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
MemTotal - 可用内存总量(即物理内存减去一些保留位和内核二进制代码)
同样在启动时,x86/boot/compressed/kaslr.c
:
enum mem_avoid_index {
MEM_AVOID_ZO_RANGE = 0,
MEM_AVOID_INITRD,
MEM_AVOID_CMDLINE,
MEM_AVOID_BOOTPARAMS,
MEM_AVOID_MEMMAP_BEGIN,
MEM_AVOID_MEMMAP_END = MEM_AVOID_MEMMAP_BEGIN + MAX_MEMMAP_REGIONS - 1,
MEM_AVOID_MAX,
};