为什么像whereis
或这样的命令which
不显示命令的位置?例如,我有 nvm 并想知道它位于何处,但这些命令都无法帮助我找到二进制文件。我应该只find
在这种情况下使用吗?
更新
以下是长输出type nvm
$ type nvm
nvm is a function
nvm ()
{
if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then
nvm help;
return;
fi;
local uname="$(uname -a)";
local os=;
local arch="$(uname -m)";
case "$uname" in
Linux\ *)
os=linux
;;
Darwin\ *)
os=darwin
;;
SunOS\ *)
os=sunos
;;
FreeBSD\ *)
os=freebsd
;;
esac;
case "$uname" in
*x86_64*)
arch=x64
;;
*i*86*)
arch=x86
;;
*armv6l*)
arch=arm-pi
;;
esac;
local VERSION;
local ADDITIONAL_PARAMETERS;
case $1 in
"help")
echo;
echo "Node Version Manager";
echo;
echo "Usage:";
echo " nvm help Show this message";
echo " nvm install [-s] <version> Download and install a <version>, [-s] from source";
echo " nvm uninstall <version> Uninstall a version";
echo " nvm use <version> Modify PATH to use <version>";
echo " nvm run <version> [<args>] Run <version> with <args> as arguments";
echo " nvm current Display currently activated version";
echo " nvm ls List installed versions";
echo " nvm ls <version> List versions matching a given description";
echo " nvm ls-remote List remote versions available for install";
echo " nvm deactivate Undo effects of NVM on current shell";
echo " nvm alias [<pattern>] Show all aliases beginning with <pattern>";
echo " nvm alias <name> <version> Set an alias named <name> pointing to <version>";
echo " nvm unalias <name> Deletes the alias named <name>";
echo " nvm copy-packages <version> Install global NPM packages contained in <version> to current version";
echo;
echo "Example:";
echo " nvm install v0.10.24 Install a specific version number";
echo " nvm use 0.10 Use the latest available 0.10.x release";
echo " nvm run 0.10.24 myApp.js Run myApp.js using node v0.10.24";
echo " nvm alias default 0.10.24 Set default node version on a shell";
echo;
echo "Note:";
echo " to remove, delete or uninstall nvm - just remove ~/.nvm, ~/.npm and ~/.bower folders";
echo
;;
"install")
local binavail;
local t;
local url;
local sum;
local tarball;
local shasum='shasum';
local nobinary;
if ! has "curl"; then
echo 'NVM Needs curl to proceed.' 1>&2;
fi;
if ! has "shasum"; then
shasum='sha1sum';
fi;
if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
nvm help;
return;
fi;
shift;
nobinary=0;
if [ "$1" = "-s" ]; then
nobinary=1;
shift;
fi;
if [ "$os" = "freebsd" ]; then
nobinary=1;
fi;
VERSION=`nvm_remote_version $1`;
ADDITIONAL_PARAMETERS='';
shift;
while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
ADDITIONAL_PARAMETERS="$ADDITIONAL_PARAMETERS $1";
shift;
done;
[ -d "$NVM_DIR/$VERSION" ] && echo "$VERSION is already installed." && return;
if [ $nobinary -ne 1 ]; then
if [ -n "$os" ]; then
binavail=;
case "$VERSION" in
v0.8.[012345])
binavail=0
;;
v0.[1234567].*)
binavail=0
;;
*)
binavail=1
;;
esac;
if [ $binavail -eq 1 ]; then
t="$VERSION-$os-$arch";
url="http://nodejs.org/dist/$VERSION/node-${t}.tar.gz";
sum=`curl -s http://nodejs.org/dist/$VERSION/SHASUMS.txt | \grep node-${t}.tar.gz | awk '{print $1}'`;
local tmpdir="$NVM_DIR/bin/node-${t}";
local tmptarball="$tmpdir/node-${t}.tar.gz";
if ( mkdir -p "$tmpdir" && curl -L -C - --progress-bar $url -o "$tmptarball" && nvm_checksum `${shasum} "$tmptarball" | awk '{print $1}'` $sum && tar -xzf "$tmptarball" -C "$tmpdir" --strip-components 1 && rm -f "$tmptarball" && mv "$tmpdir" "$NVM_DIR/$VERSION" ); then
nvm use $VERSION;
return;
else
echo "Binary download failed, trying source." 1>&2;
rm -rf "$tmptarball" "$tmpdir";
fi;
fi;
fi;
fi;
echo "Additional options while compiling: $ADDITIONAL_PARAMETERS";
tarball='';
sum='';
make='make';
if [ "$os" = "freebsd" ]; then
make='gmake';
fi;
local tmpdir="$NVM_DIR/src";
local tmptarball="$tmpdir/node-$VERSION.tar.gz";
if [ "`curl -Is "http://nodejs.org/dist/$VERSION/node-$VERSION.tar.gz" | \grep '200 OK'`" != '' ]; then
tarball="http://nodejs.org/dist/$VERSION/node-$VERSION.tar.gz";
sum=`curl -s http://nodejs.org/dist/$VERSION/SHASUMS.txt | \grep node-$VERSION.tar.gz | awk '{print $1}'`;
else
if [ "`curl -Is "http://nodejs.org/dist/node-$VERSION.tar.gz" | \grep '200 OK'`" != '' ]; then
tarball="http://nodejs.org/dist/node-$VERSION.tar.gz";
fi;
fi;
if ( [ ! -z $tarball ] && mkdir -p "$tmpdir" && curl -L --progress-bar $tarball -o "$tmptarball" && if [ "$sum" = "" ]; then
:;
else
nvm_checksum `${shasum} "$tmptarball" | awk '{print $1}'` $sum;
fi && tar -xzf "$tmptarball" -C "$tmpdir" && cd "$tmpdir/node-$VERSION" && ./configure --prefix="$NVM_DIR/$VERSION" $ADDITIONAL_PARAMETERS && $make && rm -f "$NVM_DIR/$VERSION" 2> /dev/null && $make install ); then
nvm use $VERSION;
if ! has "npm"; then
echo "Installing npm...";
if [[ "`expr match $VERSION '\(^v0\.1\.\)'`" != '' ]]; then
echo "npm requires node v0.2.3 or higher";
else
if [[ "`expr match $VERSION '\(^v0\.2\.\)'`" != '' ]]; then
if [[ "`expr match $VERSION '\(^v0\.2\.[0-2]$\)'`" != '' ]]; then
echo "npm requires node v0.2.3 or higher";
else
curl https://npmjs.org/install.sh | clean=yes npm_install=0.2.19 sh;
fi;
else
curl https://npmjs.org/install.sh | clean=yes sh;
fi;
fi;
fi;
else
echo "nvm: install $VERSION failed!";
return 1;
fi
;;
"uninstall")
[ $# -ne 2 ] && nvm help && return;
if [[ $2 == `nvm_version` ]]; then
echo "nvm: Cannot uninstall currently-active node version, $2.";
return 1;
fi;
VERSION=`nvm_version $2`;
if [ ! -d $NVM_DIR/$VERSION ]; then
echo "$VERSION version is not installed...";
return;
fi;
t="$VERSION-$os-$arch";
rm -rf "$NVM_DIR/src/node-$VERSION" "$NVM_DIR/src/node-$VERSION.tar.gz" "$NVM_DIR/bin/node-${t}" "$NVM_DIR/bin/node-${t}.tar.gz" "$NVM_DIR/$VERSION" 2> /dev/null;
echo "Uninstalled node $VERSION";
for A in `\grep -l $VERSION $NVM_DIR/alias/* 2>/dev/null`;
do
nvm unalias `basename $A`;
done
;;
"deactivate")
if [[ $PATH == *$NVM_DIR/*/bin* ]]; then
export PATH=${PATH%$NVM_DIR/*/bin*}${PATH#*$NVM_DIR/*/bin:};
hash -r;
echo "$NVM_DIR/*/bin removed from \$PATH";
else
echo "Could not find $NVM_DIR/*/bin in \$PATH";
fi;
if [[ $MANPATH == *$NVM_DIR/*/share/man* ]]; then
export MANPATH=${MANPATH%$NVM_DIR/*/share/man*}${MANPATH#*$NVM_DIR/*/share/man:};
echo "$NVM_DIR/*/share/man removed from \$MANPATH";
else
echo "Could not find $NVM_DIR/*/share/man in \$MANPATH";
fi;
if [[ $NODE_PATH == *$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules* ]]; then
export NODE_PATH=${NODE_PATH%$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules*}${NODE_PATH#*$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules:};
echo "$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules removed from \$NODE_PATH";
else
echo "Could not find $NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules in \$NODE_PATH";
fi
;;
"use")
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
nvm help;
return;
fi;
if [ $# -eq 1 ]; then
rc_nvm_version;
if [ ! -z $RC_VERSION ]; then
VERSION=`nvm_version $RC_VERSION`;
fi;
else
VERSION=`nvm_version $2`;
fi;
if [ -z $VERSION ]; then
nvm help;
return;
fi;
if [ -z $VERSION ]; then
VERSION=`nvm_version $2`;
fi;
if [ ! -d "$NVM_DIR/$VERSION" ]; then
echo "$VERSION version is not installed yet";
return 1;
fi;
if [[ $PATH == *$NVM_DIR/*/bin* ]]; then
PATH=${PATH%$NVM_DIR/*/bin*}$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/bin${PATH#*$NVM_DIR/*/bin};
else
PATH="$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/bin:$PATH";
fi;
if [ -z "$MANPATH" ]; then
MANPATH=$(manpath);
fi;
MANPATH=${MANPATH#*$NVM_DIR/*/man:};
if [[ $MANPATH == *$NVM_DIR/*/share/man* ]]; then
MANPATH=${MANPATH%$NVM_DIR/*/share/man*}$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/share/man${MANPATH#*$NVM_DIR/*/share/man};
else
MANPATH="$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/share/man:$MANPATH";
fi;
if [[ $NODE_PATH == *$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules* ]]; then
NODE_PATH=${NODE_PATH%$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules*}$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/lib/node_modules${NODE_PATH#*$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules};
else
NODE_PATH="$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/lib/node_modules:$NODE_PATH";
fi;
export PATH;
hash -r;
export MANPATH;
export NODE_PATH;
export NVM_PATH="$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/lib/node";
export NVM_BIN="$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/bin";
echo "Now using node $VERSION"
;;
"run")
if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
nvm help;
return;
fi;
VERSION=`nvm_version $2`;
if [ ! -d $NVM_DIR/$VERSION ]; then
echo "$VERSION version is not installed yet";
return;
fi;
if [[ $NODE_PATH == *$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules* ]]; then
RUN_NODE_PATH=${NODE_PATH%$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules*}$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/lib/node_modules${NODE_PATH#*$NVM_DIR/*/lib/node_modules};
else
RUN_NODE_PATH="$NVM_DIR/$VERSION/lib/node_modules:$NODE_PATH";
fi;
echo "Running node $VERSION";
NODE_PATH=$RUN_NODE_PATH $NVM_DIR/$VERSION/bin/node "${@:3}"
;;
"ls" | "list")
print_versions "`nvm_ls $2`";
if [ $# -eq 1 ]; then
echo -ne "current: \t";
nvm_version current;
nvm alias;
fi;
return
;;
"ls-remote" | "list-remote")
print_versions "`nvm_ls_remote $2`";
return
;;
"current")
echo -ne "current: \t";
nvm_version current
;;
"alias")
mkdir -p $NVM_DIR/alias;
if [ $# -le 2 ]; then
for ALIAS in $(nvm_set_nullglob; echo $NVM_DIR/alias/$2* );
do
DEST=`cat $ALIAS`;
VERSION=`nvm_version $DEST`;
if [ "$DEST" = "$VERSION" ]; then
echo "$(basename $ALIAS) -> $DEST";
else
echo "$(basename $ALIAS) -> $DEST (-> $VERSION)";
fi;
done;
return;
fi;
if [ ! "$3" ]; then
rm -f $NVM_DIR/alias/$2;
echo "$2 -> *poof*";
return;
fi;
mkdir -p $NVM_DIR/alias;
VERSION=`nvm_version $3`;
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echo "! WARNING: Version '$3' does not exist." 1>&2;
fi;
echo $3 > "$NVM_DIR/alias/$2";
if [ ! "$3" = "$VERSION" ]; then
echo "$2 -> $3 (-> $VERSION)";
else
echo "$2 -> $3";
fi
;;
"unalias")
mkdir -p $NVM_DIR/alias;
[ $# -ne 2 ] && nvm help && return;
[ ! -f $NVM_DIR/alias/$2 ] && echo "Alias $2 doesn't exist!" && return;
rm -f $NVM_DIR/alias/$2;
echo "Deleted alias $2"
;;
"copy-packages")
if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
nvm help;
return;
fi;
local VERSION=`nvm_version $2`;
local ROOT=`(nvm use $VERSION && npm -g root) | tail -n1`;
local ROOTDEPTH=$((`echo $ROOT | sed 's/[^\/]//g'|wc -m` -1));
local INSTALLS;
INSTALLS=(`nvm use $VERSION > /dev/null && npm -g -p ll | \grep "$ROOT\/[^/]\+$" | cut -d '/' -f $(($ROOTDEPTH + 2)) | cut -d ":" -f 2 | \grep -v npm | tr "\n" " "`);
npm install -g ${INSTALLS[@]}
;;
"clear-cache")
rm -f $NVM_DIR/v* 2> /dev/null;
echo "Cache cleared."
;;
"version")
print_versions "`nvm_version $2`"
;;
*)
nvm help
;;
esac
}
答案1
该which
实用程序仅在现有路径中搜索文件,因此如果您无法键入“nvm”并让其运行 nvm,则它将无法找到它。
另一方面,在whereis
硬编码的路径列表中搜索程序、其手册页和其源目录。如果 nvm 不在您的路径中,whereis 可能会找到一些内容,但如果 nvm 不在 whereis 搜索的硬编码路径列表中,它同样会失败。
正如您所暗示的,find
这是一个更加灵活的实用程序,可用于搜索您想要的任何路径以查找您可以指定的任何类型的文件。如果系统上的任何地方有 nvm 可执行文件,则可以使用 find 来搜索它,无论它是否在您的系统路径中。
第四个选项是locate
使用系统上的文件索引数据库来快速查找系统上任何位置的文件的命令,同样只需简单调用 which 或 whereis 即可,例如locate nvm
答案2
与问题没有直接关系,但有时which
即使文件位于您的路径上,也无法找到文件,并且您可以在 shell 中成功执行命令。如果您在路径上使用了 shell 扩展,则可能会发生这种情况:您的 shell 会使用它们,但which
可能不会。
例如,which
将无法在此目录中找到可执行文件(其中 ~ 由您的 shell 扩展为您的主目录):
export PATH="$PATH:~/foo/bin"
如果您使用 bash,您最好养成使用type
而不是 的习惯which
,因为它似乎没有这个问题。请参阅此答案以获得更多选择。
答案3
如果您使用 curl 安装 nvm(可能还有其他方法),它将作为一组 shell 函数安装在您的主目录中,位于名为 的隐藏文件夹中.nvm/nvm.sh
。由于它不是命令(在其他答案中解释过),这就是为什么whereis
找不到which
它。请注意,同一目录中有一个 Readme.markdown,其中包含有关 nvm 的大量详细信息。
这是您可以通过 curl 安装 nvm 的脚本: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/creationix/nvm/v0.17.3/install.sh
我遇到了同样的问题,通过研究我发现了它安装的位置,所以这可能是一种有用的方法,可以找出其他命令所在的位置,即使它们实际上不是命令。
nvm 的作者对 nvm.sh 的工作原理进行了很好的解释:
https://github.com/creationix/nvm/issues/521
简而言之,nvm 是 shell 函数的集合,尽管它具有 .sh 扩展名,但实际上并不是 shell 脚本。这就是为什么它没有可执行权限(并且不应更改)。要运行它,必须“获取”它:
. ~/.nvm/nvm.sh
点是“source”命令的同义词。通过 source 命令,当前 shell 可以使用文件中的函数。例如,如果您需要从 shell 脚本运行 nvm,这会在脚本运行期间打开一个新 shell,则您需要在文件中 source nvm,否则它将不可用。
答案4
whereis
并且which
仅搜索特定位置。
man whereis
:
whereis 实用程序检查指定程序的标准二进制目录,并打印出它找到的任何程序的路径。
man which
:
which 实用程序获取命令名称列表并搜索如果实际调用这些命令将运行的每个可执行文件的路径。
小路指的是PATH
环境变量。(阅读更多内容)
因此,这些实用程序只会找到位于默认位置之一(例如/bin
,/usr/local/bin
等等)的程序,并且只需键入命令名称即可启动。
如果您将程序安装npm
在其他地方,例如/home/username/bin/npm
,而该目录不在您的 中PATH
,则无法通过这种方式找到它。您需要使用 eg find
。