我最近 DIY 的电脑的规格：
- 处理器：英特尔 GOLD 6400 处理器
- 主板：技嘉H410M H
- GPU：英特尔® 超核芯显卡 610
- 三种操作系统：Windows 10、Ubuntu 20.04、Debian 10 (Buster)
- 显示器分辨率：1920×1084
我在上面安装了三个操作系统。
当我启动 Windows 10 时，所有视频都显示良好。
当我启动到 Ubuntu 20.04 时，它也工作得很好。我还没有安装任何东西。
当我启动到 Debian 10-Buster 时，无法显示 GUI，因此我按Ctrl+ Alt+ F3：
lspci -k | grep -i "VGA"
VGA comptible controller: intel corporation Device qba8(rev 03)
xrandr
can't open display
安装mesa-utils并xserver-xorg-video-intel执行不是帮助。
sudo apt install mesa-utils xserver-xorg-video-intel
startx
Xinit: giving up
Xinit: unable to connect to x server:connection refused.
Xinit: server error
这是我在以下位置看到的错误/var/log/Xorg.0.log：
[ 264.985]
X.Org X Server 1.20.4
X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
[ 264.985] Build Operating System: Linux 4.19.0-12-amd64 x86_64 Debian
[ 264.985] Current Operating System: Linux mydebian 4.19.0-16-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.181-1 (2021-03-19) x86_64
[ 264.985] Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.19.0-16-amd64 root=UUID=c13673e5-96a2-4a34-a0ae-c526a104af09 ro quiet
[ 264.985] Build Date: 01 December 2020 05:59:57PM
[ 264.985] xorg-server 2:1.20.4-1+deb10u2 (https://www.debian.org/support)
[ 264.987] Current version of pixman: 0.36.0
[ 264.992] Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org
to make sure that you have the latest version.
[ 264.992] Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,
(++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,
(WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.
[ 265.001] (==) Log file: "/var/log/Xorg.0.log", Time: Thu Apr 8 17:48:25 2021
[ 265.003] (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d"
[ 265.003] (==) No Layout section. Using the first Screen section.
[ 265.003] (==) No screen section available. Using defaults.
[ 265.003] (**) |-->Screen "Default Screen Section" (0)
[ 265.003] (**) | |-->Monitor "<default monitor>"
[ 265.004] (==) No monitor specified for screen "Default Screen Section".
Using a default monitor configuration.
[ 265.004] (==) Automatically adding devices
[ 265.004] (==) Automatically enabling devices
[ 265.004] (==) Automatically adding GPU devices
[ 265.004] (==) Max clients allowed: 256, resource mask: 0x1fffff
[ 265.004] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic" does not exist.
[ 265.004] Entry deleted from font path.
[ 265.004] (==) FontPath set to:
/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc,
/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled,
/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled,
/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1,
/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi,
/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi,
built-ins
[ 265.004] (==) ModulePath set to "/usr/lib/xorg/modules"
[ 265.004] (II) The server relies on udev to provide the list of input devices.
If no devices become available, reconfigure udev or disable AutoAddDevices.
[ 265.004] (II) Loader magic: 0x55a553a48e20
[ 265.004] (II) Module ABI versions:
[ 265.004] X.Org ANSI C Emulation: 0.4
[ 265.004] X.Org Video Driver: 24.0
[ 265.004] X.Org XInput driver : 24.1
[ 265.004] X.Org Server Extension : 10.0
[ 265.005] (++) using VT number 3
[ 265.007] (II) systemd-logind: took control of session /org/freedesktop/login1/session/_31
[ 265.009] (--) PCI:*(0@0:2:0) 8086:9ba8:1458:d000 rev 3, Mem @ 0xb0000000/16777216, 0xa0000000/268435456, I/O @ 0x00004000/64, BIOS @ 0x????????/131072
[ 265.009] (II) LoadModule: "glx"
[ 265.009] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libglx.so
[ 265.010] (II) Module glx: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 265.010] compiled for 1.20.4, module version = 1.0.0
[ 265.010] ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 10.0
[ 265.010] (==) Matched modesetting as autoconfigured driver 0
[ 265.010] (==) Matched fbdev as autoconfigured driver 1
[ 265.010] (==) Matched vesa as autoconfigured driver 2
[ 265.010] (==) Assigned the driver to the xf86ConfigLayout
[ 265.010] (II) LoadModule: "modesetting"
[ 265.010] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/modesetting_drv.so
[ 265.011] (II) Module modesetting: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 265.011] compiled for 1.20.4, module version = 1.20.4
[ 265.011] Module class: X.Org Video Driver
[ 265.011] ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 24.0
[ 265.011] (II) LoadModule: "fbdev"
[ 265.011] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/fbdev_drv.so
[ 265.011] (II) Module fbdev: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 265.011] compiled for 1.20.0, module version = 0.5.0
[ 265.011] Module class: X.Org Video Driver
[ 265.011] ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 24.0
[ 265.011] (II) LoadModule: "vesa"
[ 265.011] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/vesa_drv.so
[ 265.011] (II) Module vesa: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 265.011] compiled for 1.20.1, module version = 2.4.0
[ 265.011] Module class: X.Org Video Driver
[ 265.011] ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 24.0
[ 265.011] (II) modesetting: Driver for Modesetting Kernel Drivers: kms
[ 265.011] (II) FBDEV: driver for framebuffer: fbdev
[ 265.011] (II) VESA: driver for VESA chipsets: vesa
[ 265.011] (EE) open /dev/dri/card0: No such file or directory
[ 265.011] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for modesetting
[ 265.011] (EE) open /dev/dri/card0: No such file or directory
[ 265.011] (II) Loading sub module "fbdevhw"
[ 265.011] (II) LoadModule: "fbdevhw"
[ 265.011] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libfbdevhw.so
[ 265.011] (II) Module fbdevhw: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 265.011] compiled for 1.20.4, module version = 0.0.2
[ 265.011] ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 24.0
[ 265.011] (EE) Unable to find a valid framebuffer device
[ 265.011] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for fbdev
[ 265.011] (II) Loading sub module "fbdevhw"
[ 265.011] (II) LoadModule: "fbdevhw"
[ 265.011] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libfbdevhw.so
[ 265.011] (II) Module fbdevhw: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 265.011] compiled for 1.20.4, module version = 0.0.2
[ 265.011] ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 24.0
[ 265.011] (II) FBDEV(2): using default device
[ 265.011] (EE) Screen 0 deleted because of no matching config section.
[ 265.011] (II) UnloadModule: "modesetting"
[ 265.011] (EE) Screen 0 deleted because of no matching config section.
[ 265.011] (II) UnloadModule: "fbdev"
[ 265.011] (II) UnloadSubModule: "fbdevhw"
[ 265.011] (EE)
Fatal server error:
[ 265.011] (EE) Cannot run in framebuffer mode. Please specify busIDs for all framebuffer devices
[ 265.011] (EE)
[ 265.011] (EE)
Please consult the The X.Org Foundation support
at http://wiki.x.org
for help.
[ 265.011] (EE) Please also check the log file at "/var/log/Xorg.0.log" for additional information.
[ 265.012] (EE)
[ 265.014] (EE) Server terminated with error (1). Closing log file.
由于 Ubuntu 安装可以正常工作，我认为 Debian 也应该可以工作。我应该为以下 GPU 安装驱动程序吗？
- GPU：CPU-G6400 中的英特尔® UHD Graphics 610
答案1
通过升级内核解决问题：
echo "deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt -t buster-backports upgrade
重新安装 grub。
sudo grub-install /dev/sda
重新启动电脑；可以进入GUI界面。
sudo dpkg --get-selections | grep linux-image
linux-image-4.19.0-16-amd64 install
linux-image-5.10.0-0.bpo.4-amd64 install
linux-image-amd64 install
重新启动后删除旧的 linux-image。
sudo apt remove linux-image-4.19.0-16-amd64
sudo apt remove linux-image-amd64