我是 Linux 新手，但非常喜欢 Elementary，因为它很简单。在注意到 Elementary 的声音与 Windows 8.1 相比相当差之后，我尝试更新声音驱动程序。我最终从这里但重启后，我的声音图标从工具栏上消失了，听不到声音。在设置 > 声音中，我看到“虚拟输出”，运行alsamixer显示cannot open mixer: No such file or directory。我在 Google 上搜索过，但没有任何结果，许多人建议这样sudo alsa force-reload做，但结果却返回了
Unloading ALSA sound driver modules: (none loaded).
Loading ALSA sound driver modules: (none to reload).
我已经绝望了，希望有人能帮帮我。我已经卸载了之前从上面的链接下载的驱动程序（可能还剩下一些碎片？）并重新安装了 alsa-base 和 pulseaudio，但我仍然看不到声音图标或播放声音。
任何帮助是极大的赞赏。
更新：
lshw 输出：
junky
description: Portable Computer
product: Inspiron 3537 (Inspiron 3537)
vendor: Winbond Electronics
version: A07
serial: 2FN1402
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal chassis=portable family=00 frontpanel_password=disabled keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled sku=Inspiron 3537 uuid=44454C4C-4600-104E-8031-B2C04F343032
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: 03JPPR
vendor: Winbond Electronics
physical id: 0
version: A00
serial: .2FN1402.CN129664280036.
slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: Winbond Electronics
physical id: 0
version: A07
date: 11/12/2013
size: 128KiB
capacity: 4032KiB
capabilities: pci pnp upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int13floppynec int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int5printscreen int9keyboard int14serial int17printer int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification
*-cpu
description: CPU
product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4200U CPU @ 1.60GHz
vendor: Intel Corp.
physical id: 4
bus info: cpu@0
version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4200U CPU @ 1.60GHz
serial: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
slot: U3E1
size: 759MHz
capacity: 759MHz
width: 64 bits
clock: 100MHz
capabilities: x86-64 fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm ida arat epb xsaveopt pln pts dtherm tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid cpufreq
configuration: cores=2 enabledcores=2 threads=4
*-cache:0
description: L1 cache
physical id: 9
slot: L1 Cache
size: 32KiB
capacity: 32KiB
capabilities: synchronous internal write-back instruction
*-cache:1
description: L2 cache
physical id: a
slot: L2 Cache
size: 256KiB
capacity: 256KiB
capabilities: synchronous internal write-back unified
*-cache:2
description: L3 cache
physical id: b
slot: L3 Cache
size: 3MiB
capacity: 3MiB
capabilities: synchronous internal write-back unified
*-cache
description: L1 cache
physical id: 8
slot: L1 Cache
size: 32KiB
capacity: 32KiB
capabilities: synchronous internal write-back data
*-memory
description: System Memory
physical id: 23
slot: System board or motherboard
size: 6GiB
*-bank:0
description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
product: M471B5674QH0-YK0
vendor: Samsung
physical id: 0
serial: 98D205AC
slot: JDIMM1
size: 2GiB
width: 64 bits
clock: 1600MHz (0.6ns)
*-bank:1
description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
product: NT4GC64C88B1NS-DI
vendor: Nanya Technology
physical id: 1
serial: F85A1057
slot: JDIMM2
size: 4GiB
width: 64 bits
clock: 1600MHz (0.6ns)
*-pci
description: Host bridge
product: Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 100
bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0
version: 09
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-display
description: VGA compatible controller
product: Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 2
bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0
version: 09
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom
configuration: driver=i915 latency=0
resources: irq:61 memory:b0000000-b03fffff memory:a0000000-afffffff ioport:4000(size=64)
*-multimedia:0 UNCLAIMED
description: Audio device
product: Intel Corporation
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 3
bus info: pci@0000:00:03.0
version: 09
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:b0710000-b0713fff
*-usb:0
description: USB controller
product: Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 14
bus info: pci@0000:00:14.0
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi xhci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=xhci_hcd latency=0
resources: irq:58 memory:b0700000-b070ffff
*-communication UNCLAIMED
description: Communication controller
product: Lynx Point-LP HECI #0
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 16
bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi cap_list
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:b0718000-b071801f
*-multimedia:1 UNCLAIMED
description: Audio device
product: Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1b
bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:b0714000-b0717fff
*-pci:0
description: PCI bridge
product: Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0
version: e4
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:56 ioport:3000(size=4096) memory:b0600000-b06fffff ioport:b0400000(size=1048576)
*-network
description: Ethernet interface
product: RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller
vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0
logical name: eth0
version: 07
serial: ec:f4:bb:87:45:0c
size: 10Mbit/s
capacity: 100Mbit/s
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=half firmware=rtl8106e-1_0.0.1 06/29/12 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=MII speed=10Mbit/s
resources: irq:60 ioport:3000(size=256) memory:b0600000-b0600fff memory:b0400000-b0403fff
*-pci:1
description: PCI bridge
product: Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.3
version: e4
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:57 memory:b0500000-b05fffff ioport:9fb00000(size=1048576)
*-network
description: Wireless interface
product: QCA9565 / AR9565 Wireless Network Adapter
vendor: Qualcomm Atheros
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0
logical name: wlan0
version: 01
serial: 64:5a:04:ca:09:df
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical wireless
configuration: broadcast=yes driver=ath9k driverversion=3.8.0-39-generic firmware=N/A ip=192.168.1.5 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bgn
resources: irq:19 memory:b0500000-b057ffff memory:9fb00000-9fb0ffff
*-usb:1
description: USB controller
product: Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1d
bus info: pci@0000:00:1d.0
version: 04
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ehci-pci latency=0
resources: irq:23 memory:b071c000-b071c3ff
*-isa
description: ISA bridge
product: Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0
version: 04
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=lpc_ich latency=0
resources: irq:0
*-storage
description: SATA controller
product: Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode]
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2
version: 04
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: storage msi pm ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ahci latency=0
resources: irq:59 ioport:4088(size=8) ioport:4094(size=4) ioport:4080(size=8) ioport:4090(size=4) ioport:4060(size=32) memory:b071b000-b071b7ff
*-serial UNCLAIMED
description: SMBus
product: Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.3
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:b0719000-b07190ff ioport:4040(size=32)
*-scsi:0
physical id: 1
logical name: scsi0
capabilities: emulated
*-disk
description: ATA Disk
product: Hitachi HTS54757
vendor: Hitachi
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sda
version: JE4O
serial: J2140054KYR1XB
size: 698GiB (750GB)
capabilities: gpt-1.00 partitioned partitioned:gpt
configuration: ansiversion=5 guid=0f7b0e6a-9fa4-449d-8fb3-524c80e127f4
*-volume:0
description: Windows FAT volume
vendor: MSDOS5.0
physical id: 1
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1
logical name: /dev/sda1
logical name: /boot/efi
version: FAT32
serial: 0e9a-917c
size: 495MiB
capacity: 499MiB
capabilities: boot fat initialized
configuration: FATs=2 filesystem=fat mount.fstype=vfat mount.options=rw,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro name=EFI system partition state=mounted
*-volume:1
description: Windows FAT volume
vendor: MSDOS5.0
physical id: 2
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,2
logical name: /dev/sda2
version: FAT32
serial: 600d-e074
size: 15MiB
capacity: 39MiB
capabilities: precious readonly hidden nomount fat initialized
configuration: FATs=2 filesystem=fat name=Basic data partition
*-volume:2
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 3
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,3
logical name: /dev/sda3
version: 3.1
serial: 7214-8f07
size: 98MiB
capacity: 127MiB
capabilities: nofs ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-04-26 20:59:47 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true name=Microsoft reserved partition resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:3
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 4
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,4
logical name: /dev/sda4
version: 3.1
serial: e012-cf26
size: 460MiB
capacity: 489MiB
capabilities: precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-02-07 18:33:16 filesystem=ntfs label=WINRETOOLS name=Basic data partition state=clean
*-volume:4
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 5
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,5
logical name: /dev/sda5
version: 3.1
serial: 8e282093-121f-2e48-901e-b0cc0d3175aa
size: 201GiB
capacity: 201GiB
capabilities: ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-02-07 18:33:27 filesystem=ntfs label=OS name=Basic data partition state=clean
*-volume:5
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 6
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,6
logical name: /dev/sda6
version: 3.1
serial: 88bb-16a8
size: 433MiB
capacity: 449MiB
capabilities: precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-04-27 21:10:23 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:6
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 7
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,7
logical name: /dev/sda7
logical name: /media/sda7
version: 3.1
serial: 3a09b668-4147-4c4a-8f39-e329be48fcbf
size: 341GiB
capacity: 341GiB
capabilities: ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-04-26 00:17:41 filesystem=ntfs label=Media modified_by_chkdsk=true mount.fstype=fuseblk mount.options=rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 mounted_on_nt4=true name=Basic data partition resize_log_file=true state=mounted upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:7
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 8
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,8
logical name: /dev/sda8
version: 3.1
serial: 70f2-defe
size: 12GiB
capacity: 12GiB
capabilities: precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-02-07 21:44:42 filesystem=ntfs label=PBR Image modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true name=Microsoft recovery partition resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:8
description: EXT4 volume
vendor: Linux
physical id: 9
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,9
logical name: /dev/sda9
logical name: /
version: 1.0
serial: a6c40c87-72a3-4600-a9f5-4e2164d727ad
size: 135GiB
capabilities: journaled extended_attributes large_files huge_files dir_nlink recover extents ext4 ext2 initialized
configuration: created=2014-04-28 17:36:17 filesystem=ext4 lastmountpoint=/ modified=2014-05-21 20:44:45 mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered mounted=2014-05-21 20:55:17 state=mounted
*-volume:9
description: Linux swap volume
physical id: a
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,10
logical name: /dev/sda10
version: 1
serial: 3cf35bdb-523c-4c09-8f2d-bed23767416c
size: 6023MiB
capacity: 6024MiB
capabilities: nofs swap initialized
configuration: filesystem=swap pagesize=4095
*-scsi:1
physical id: 2
logical name: scsi1
capabilities: emulated
*-cdrom
description: DVD-RAM writer
product: DVD+-RW GU90N
vendor: HL-DT-ST
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/cdrom
logical name: /dev/cdrw
logical name: /dev/dvd
logical name: /dev/dvdrw
logical name: /dev/sr0
version: A100
capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram
configuration: ansiversion=5 status=ready
*-medium
physical id: 0
logical name: /dev/cdrom
*-scsi:2
physical id: 3
bus info: usb@1:1.7
logical name: scsi3
capabilities: emulated scsi-host
configuration: driver=rts5139
*-disk
description: SCSI Disk
product: xD/SD/M.S.
vendor: Generic-
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@3:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sdb
version: 1.00
serial: 3
capabilities: removable
*-medium
physical id: 0
logical name: /dev/sdb
*-battery
description: Lithium-Ion Battery
product: DELL 4WY7C416
vendor: SANYO
physical id: 1
slot: Sys. Battery Bay
capacity: 28000mWh
configuration: voltage=14.8V
lspci：
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 09)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 09)
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Device 0a0c (rev 09)
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04)
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04)
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04)
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04)
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04)
01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller (rev 07)
02:00.0 Network controller: Qualcomm Atheros QCA9565 / AR9565 Wireless Network Adapter (rev 01)
答案1
$ modprobe snd-usb-audio ; modprobe snd-pcm-oss ; modprobe snd-mixer-oss ; modprobe snd-seq-oss
这重新加载了那些模块。只需将其加载到终端中，瞧，一切都再次被识别了。据我所知，错误是模块在那里，但没有注入内核。我从查看 ALSA 编译页面中拉出它，我只是完成了加载模块的最后一步。很酷，我自己解决了这个问题。我希望这对其他人有帮助
答案2
我已经发现这sudo update-grub非常有用，它帮助我恢复了声音。每次重启前别忘了运行。
答案3
上次升级时缺少了这些模块。因此我使用包管理器安装了“额外”模块。