我正在对服务器上的一些中断问题进行故障排除，怀疑服务器间歇性重新启动。当我运行最后一个命令时，我看到以下输出（为了清楚起见，我添加了行号）：
01. root@nina-xms-dev:/home/nina# last
02. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 12:09 still logged in
03. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:09 still running
04. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 11:59 - crash (00:09)
05. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:55 still running
06. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 11:48 - 11:54 (00:06)
07. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:47 - 11:54 (00:07)
08. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 11:45 - crash (00:01)
09. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:34 - 11:54 (00:20)
10. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:23 - 11:54 (00:31)
11. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:08 - 11:54 (00:45)
12. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:58 - 11:54 (00:55)
13. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:50 - 11:54 (01:04)
14. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:31 - 11:54 (01:23)
15. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:18 - 11:54 (01:36)
16. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:04 - 11:54 (01:50)
17. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 09:49 - 11:54 (02:05)
18. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 09:35 - 11:54 (02:19)
19. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 09:25 - 11:54 (02:29)
20. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 09:18 - 11:54 (02:36)
21. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 09:06 - 11:54 (02:48)
22. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 08:53 - 11:54 (03:01)
23. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 08:44 - 11:54 (03:10)
24. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 08:32 - 11:54 (03:22)
25. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 08:19 - 11:54 (03:35)
26. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 07:59 - 11:54 (03:55)
27. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 07:54 - 11:54 (04:00)
28. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 07:45 - 11:54 (04:09)
29. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 07:33 - 11:54 (04:21)
30. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 07:25 - 11:54 (04:29)
31. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 07:08 - 11:54 (04:46)
32. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 07:00 - 11:54 (04:54)
33. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 06:41 - 11:54 (05:13)
34. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 06:20 - 11:54 (05:34)
35. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 06:02 - 11:54 (05:51)
36. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 05:52 - 11:54 (06:02)
37. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 05:43 - 11:54 (06:11)
38. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 05:28 - 11:54 (06:26)
39. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 05:16 - 11:54 (06:38)
40. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 05:00 - 11:54 (06:54)
41. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 04:48 - 11:54 (07:05)
42. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 04:32 - 11:54 (07:22)
43. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 04:17 - 11:54 (07:37)
44. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 04:09 - 11:54 (07:45)
45. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 03:40 - 11:54 (08:14)
46. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 03:29 - 11:54 (08:25)
47. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 03:17 - 11:54 (08:36)
48. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 03:14 - 11:54 (08:40)
49. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 03:02 - 11:54 (08:52)
50. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 02:51 - 11:54 (09:03)
51. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 02:33 - 11:54 (09:21)
52. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 02:23 - 11:54 (09:31)
53. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 02:15 - 11:54 (09:39)
54. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 02:02 - 11:54 (09:52)
55. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 01:54 - 11:54 (10:00)
56. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 01:40 - 11:54 (10:14)
57. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 01:30 - 11:54 (10:24)
58. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 01:21 - 11:54 (10:33)
59. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 01:05 - 11:54 (10:49)
60. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 00:59 - 11:54 (10:55)
61. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 00:46 - 11:54 (11:07)
62. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 00:32 - 11:54 (11:22)
63. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 00:17 - 11:54 (11:37)
64. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 00:03 - 11:54 (11:51)
65. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 23:46 - 11:54 (12:08)
66. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 23:39 - 11:54 (12:15)
67. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 23:34 - 11:54 (12:20)
68. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 23:18 - 11:54 (12:36)
69. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 22:48 - 11:54 (13:05)
70. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 22:44 - 11:54 (13:10)
71. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 22:39 - 11:54 (13:15)
72. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 22:25 - 11:54 (13:29)
73. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 22:19 - 11:54 (13:35)
74. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 22:08 - 11:54 (13:46)
75. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 21:45 - 11:54 (14:09)
76. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 21:24 - 11:54 (14:30)
77. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 21:09 - 11:54 (14:45)
78. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 20:58 - 11:54 (14:56)
79. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 20:43 - 11:54 (15:11)
80. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 20:40 - 11:54 (15:14)
81. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 20:30 - 11:54 (15:24)
82. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 20:20 - 11:54 (15:34)
83. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 20:13 - 11:54 (15:41)
84. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 20:07 - 11:54 (15:46)
85. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 19:49 - 11:54 (16:05)
86. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 19:24 - 11:54 (16:30)
87. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 19:09 - 11:54 (16:45)
88. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 18:51 - 11:54 (17:03)
89. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 18:36 - 11:54 (17:18)
90. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 18:18 - 11:54 (17:36)
91. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 18:08 - 11:54 (17:46)
92. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 17:57 - 11:54 (17:57)
93. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 17:31 - 11:54 (18:23)
94. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 17:18 - 11:54 (18:36)
95. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 17:02 - 11:54 (18:52)
96. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Tue Jan 29 17:00 - crash (00:01)
97. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 16:59 - 11:54 (18:55)
98. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Tue Jan 29 16:54 - crash (00:04)
99. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 16:51 - 11:54 (19:03)
100. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Tue Jan 29 16:49 - 16:50 (00:00)
101. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 16:39 - 16:50 (00:10)
102. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Tue Jan 29 16:07 - crash (00:31)
103. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 16:07 - 16:50 (00:43)
104. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Tue Jan 29 15:59 - crash (00:07)
105. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 15:51 - 16:50 (00:59)
106. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 15:46 - 16:50 (01:04)
107. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Tue Jan 29 15:38 - 15:45 (00:07)
108. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 15:35 - 15:45 (00:09)
109. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Tue Jan 29 15:26 - crash (00:08)
110. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 15:12 - 15:45 (00:32)
111. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 15:02 - 15:45 (00:43)
112. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 14:40 - 15:45 (01:05)
113. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 14:18 - 15:45 (01:27)
114. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 14:08 - 15:45 (01:36)
115. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 13:41 - 15:45 (02:04)
116. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 13:36 - 15:45 (02:08)
117. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 13:27 - 15:45 (02:17)
118. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 13:14 - 15:45 (02:30)
119. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 13:01 - 15:45 (02:44)
120. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 12:41 - 15:45 (03:03)
121. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 12:34 - 15:45 (03:10)
122. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 12:27 - 15:45 (03:17)
123. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 12:13 - 15:45 (03:31)
124. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 11:57 - 15:45 (03:48)
125. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 11:48 - 15:45 (03:57)
126. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 11:16 - 15:45 (04:28)
127. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 10:16 - 15:45 (05:28)
128. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 09:08 - 15:45 (06:36)
129. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 07:38 - 15:45 (08:06)
130. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 06:45 - 15:45 (08:59)
131. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 05:10 - 15:45 (10:34)
132. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 04:36 - 15:45 (11:09)
133. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 03:48 - 15:45 (11:56)
134. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 03:08 - 15:45 (12:37)
135. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 02:19 - 15:45 (13:26)
136. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Tue Jan 29 00:18 - 15:45 (15:27)
137. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Mon Jan 28 23:45 - 15:45 (15:59)
138. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 20:49 - 15:45 (18:56)
139. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 19:54 - 15:45 (19:51)
140. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 19:21 - 15:45 (20:23)
141. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 17:14 - 15:45 (22:31)
142. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 14:03 - 15:45 (1+01:42)
143. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 13:33 - 15:45 (1+02:11)
144. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Mon Jan 28 10:54 - 11:04 (00:10)
145. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 10:53 - 15:45 (1+04:51)
146. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Mon Jan 28 10:42 - 10:53 (00:10)
147. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 10:39 - 10:53 (00:13)
148. nina pts/0 192.168.1.222 Mon Jan 28 10:35 - crash (00:03)
149. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 05:40 - 10:53 (05:12)
150. reboot system boot 4.15.0-43-generi Mon Jan 28 03:25 - 10:53 (07:27)
151. ... etc....
鉴于这一行：
09. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:34 - 11:54 (00:20)
我的理解是，上面的行表示系统在 11:34 启动，运行了 20 分钟，然后在 11:54 关闭。
我不明白的是，给定多条以相同关闭时间重复的行：
09. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:34 - 11:54 (00:20)
10. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:23 - 11:54 (00:31)
11. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:08 - 11:54 (00:45)
12. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:58 - 11:54 (00:55)
13. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:50 - 11:54 (01:04)
第 10 行说计算机在 11:23 启动，第 11 行说计算机在 11:08 启动，第 12 行说 10:58，第 13 行说 10:50...但它们都说关闭时间是11点54分。
相反，我希望每次关闭时间都在正在进行的启动之前结束。更像这样的东西：
09. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:34 - 11:54 (00:20)
10. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:23 - 11:33 (00:10)
11. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:08 - 11:22 (00:14)
12. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:58 - 11:07 (00:09)
13. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:50 - 11:57 (00:07)
我是否应该假设在每个时间段之间都存在未记录的关闭（不仅仅是 11:54？），或者我应该假设在每个时间段之间没有实际的单独启动，并且服务器处于开启状态一直以来？
是否有其他日志文件来关联启动和关闭事件的日志？
答案1
我找到了更多信息，有助于表明发生了什么。事实证明，“last”命令默认情况下不会输出关闭或运行级别更改。 （运行级别 0 表示关闭，其他表示系统正在运行。级别 5 似乎是正常运行级别。）
当我添加“-x”标志时，现在我看到以下输出：
01. nina @nina -xms-dev:~$ last -x
02. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 13:12 still logged in
03. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 13:09 still running
04. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 13:09 still running
05. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:59 - 13:09 (00:10)
06. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:59 still running
07. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:50 - 12:59 (00:08)
08. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:50 still running
09. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:33 - 12:50 (00:17)
10. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:32 still running
11. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 12:09 - crash (00:23)
12. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:09 - 12:33 (00:23)
13. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 12:09 still running
14. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 11:59 - crash (00:09)
15. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:55 - 12:09 (00:13)
16. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:55 still running
17. shutdown system down 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:54 - 11:55 (00:00)
18. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 11:48 - 11:54 (00:06)
19. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:47 - 11:54 (00:06)
20. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:47 - 11:54 (00:07)
21. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 11:45 - crash (00:01)
22. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:34 - 11:47 (00:13)
23. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:34 - 11:54 (00:20)
24. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:23 - 11:34 (00:10)
25. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:23 - 11:54 (00:31)
26. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:09 - 11:23 (00:14)
27. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:08 - 11:54 (00:45)
28. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:59 - 11:09 (00:10)
29. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:58 - 11:54 (00:55)
30. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:50 - 10:59 (00:08)
31. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:50 - 11:54 (01:04)
32. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:32 - 10:50 (00:18)
33. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:31 - 11:54 (01:23)
34. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:18 - 10:32 (00:13)
重新启动命令是相同的，并且具有奇怪的数据，但运行级别指示器更接近我期望的输出：
19. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:47 - 11:54 (00:06)
20. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:47 - 11:54 (00:07)
21. nina pts/0 192.168.2.1 Wed Jan 30 11:45 - crash (00:01)
> 22. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:34 - 11:47 (00:13)
23. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:34 - 11:54 (00:20)
> 24. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:23 - 11:34 (00:10)
25. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:23 - 11:54 (00:31)
> 26. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:09 - 11:23 (00:14)
27. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 11:08 - 11:54 (00:45)
> 28. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:59 - 11:09 (00:10)
29. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:58 - 11:54 (00:55)
> 30. runlevel (to lvl 5) 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:50 - 10:59 (00:08)
31. reboot system boot 4.15.0-44-generi Wed Jan 30 10:50 - 11:54 (01:04)
看起来如果服务器由于某种未知原因关闭，运行级别比单独的重新启动信息更可靠。