这块硬盘的历史
硬盘是 1.5TB，6 年前的。我记得它是 7200RPM，带有 ATA133 接口，使用主板的板载控制器。它在大型台式电脑上表现完美，一年前我把它移到了 mini-itx TVPC 上，上面有一台小型 Celeron G530 2.4ghz，基本上没有其他东西，每天开机看电影/浏览网页，持续了一年，没有任何问题，然后突然有一天它无法启动，出现磁盘 IO 错误。
TVPC 继续使用 Linux 实时 USB 提供日常服务。
一个月后，我使用badblocks -svw /dev/sda
它完成了
- 100% 写入通过
- 100% 读取通过
- 上次我检查时，发现一切进行得很顺利，但 62% 的编写都是其他模式（..5C.. 或其他 IIRC）。
所有错误计数均为 0/0/0。
下次我检查时，坏块中的前两个错误计数非常高（几百 k 和几十 k），但它是screen在有限的缓冲区下运行的，所以我无法向后滚动足够远来查看问题的起始位置。
我尝试使用 hdparm 检查驱动器的 SMART 统计数据，但发现驱动器已完全消失！fdisk -l不再显示。即使重新启动后，硬盘也不会出现。我远程执行了此操作，因此目前无法关闭电源。但我怀疑它可能会在电源循环后重新出现。
这是情况突然变糟时的 kernel.log：
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x2000000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/80:c8:80:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 25 ncq 65536 in
res 41/40:80:cf:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a 80 0 0 80 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250959
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x300 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000001
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/40:40:a8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 8 ncq 32768 in
res 41/40:40:cf:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/80:48:e8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 9 ncq 65536 in
res 41/04:40:cf:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x1 (device error)
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { ABRT }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a a8 0 0 40 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250959
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x801000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/80:60:e8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 12 ncq 65536 in
res 41/40:80:eb:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#12 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#12 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#12 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#12 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e8 0 0 80 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250987
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x80 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:38:c8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 7 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:cf:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#7 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#7 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#7 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#7 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a c8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250959
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281369, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x80000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:98:c8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 19 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:cf:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#19 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#19 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#19 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#19 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a c8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250959
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281369, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:00:c8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:cf:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a c8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250959
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281369, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:60:c8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 12 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:cf:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#12 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#12 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#12 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#12 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a c8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250959
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281369, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1000000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:c0:d0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 24 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:d1:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a d0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250961
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281370, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x20 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:28:d0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 5 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:d1:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#5 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#5 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#5 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#5 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a d0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250961
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281370, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x20000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:88:d0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 17 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:d1:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a d0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250961
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281370, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x20000000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:e8:d0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 29 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:d1:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#29 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#29 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#29 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#29 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a d0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250961
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281370, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x400 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:50:d8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 10 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:d8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#10 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#10 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#10 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#10 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a d8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250968
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281371, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x100000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:a0:d8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 20 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:d8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#20 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#20 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#20 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#20 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a d8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250968
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281371, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x8 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:18:d8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 3 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:d8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#3 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#3 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#3 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#3 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a d8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250968
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281371, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x8000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:78:d8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 15 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:d8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#15 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#15 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#15 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#15 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a d8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250968
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281371, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x8000000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:d8:e0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 27 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:e7:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250983
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281372, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x100 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:40:e0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 8 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:e7:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250983
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281372, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x20000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:88:e0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 17 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:e7:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250983
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281372, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x2 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:08:e0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 1 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:e7:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250983
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281372, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x2000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:68:e8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 13 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:eb:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#13 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#13 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#13 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#13 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250987
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281373, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x2000000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:c8:e8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 25 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:eb:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250987
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281373, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x40 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:30:e8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 6 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:eb:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#6 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#6 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#6 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#6 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250987
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281373, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x40000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:90:e8:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 18 ncq 4096 in
res 41/40:08:eb:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/00 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#18 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#18 Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#18 Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#18 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a e8 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250987
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281373, async page read
ata1: EH complete
ata1.00: READ LOG DMA EXT failed, trying unqueued
ata1: failed to read log page 10h (errno=-5)
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x1 SAct 0x40000000 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000008
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:f0:f0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 tag 30 ncq 4096 in
res 40/00:f0:f0:5a:59/00:00:58:00:00/40 Emask 0x1 (device error)
ata1.00: status: { DRDY }
ata1.00: both IDENTIFYs aborted, assuming NODEV
ata1.00: revalidation failed (errno=-2)
ata1: hard resetting link
ata1: SATA link up 3 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
ata1.00: both IDENTIFYs aborted, assuming NODEV
ata1.00: revalidation failed (errno=-2)
ata1: hard resetting link
ata1: SATA link up 3 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
ata1.00: both IDENTIFYs aborted, assuming NODEV
ata1.00: revalidation failed (errno=-2)
ata1.00: disabled
ata1: EH complete
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a f0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250992
Buffer I/O error on dev sda, logical block 185281374, async page read
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 CDB: Read(10) 28 0 58 59 5a f0 0 0 8 0
blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 1482250992
(this last error repeated infinitely)
大问题
有没有想过为什么它在测试开始时功能完好（完成一个完整的写入周期，然后是一个完整的读取周期，然后是其他周期的 62%），然后几个小时后就消失了？似乎可能是硬盘和主板没问题，但电源或其他东西可能有故障？
我有一个理论，那就是电源的纹波（噪声）在高电流消耗（使用硬盘）时会变得太高，但似乎只用一个 USB 闪存驱动器就可以解决 :/
答案1
目前我们知道的是硬件有问题。问题可能是由 CPU（可能是由于过热）、板载 ATA 控制器、数据线、电源或硬盘本身引起的。
由于最简单的检查是 CPU 的温度，所以我会从这里开始。虽然这种由 CPU 过热引起的错误现在不太常见，但我在旧机器上见过无数次。
如果CPU温度正常，您可能应该尝试使用不同的数据线或在另一台计算机上安装硬盘，看看它是否正常工作。
最后，如果问题仍然没有解决，您可能必须尝试使用单独的 ATA 控制器或电源来完成诊断。