今天我在安装 Debian 时发现了一件有趣的事情。如果我这样做例如
$ apt-key list
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg
--------------------
pub rsa4096 2019-04-15 [SC] [expires: 2024-04-13]
12D4 CD60 0C22 40A9 F4A8 2071 D7B0 B669 41D0 1538
uid [ unknown] riot.im packages <[email protected]>
sub rsa3072 2019-04-15 [S] [expires: 2021-04-14]
pub rsa4096 2019-04-15 [SC] [expires: 2024-04-13]
AAF9 AE84 3A75 84B5 A3E4 CD2B CF45 A512 DE2D A058
uid [ unknown] matrix.org packages <[email protected]>
sub rsa3072 2019-04-15 [S] [expires: 2021-04-14]
pub rsa4096 2017-05-22 [SC] [expires: 2025-05-20]
E1CF 20DD FFE4 B89E 8026 58F1 E0B1 1894 F66A EC98
uid [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (9/stretch) <[email protected]>
sub rsa4096 2017-05-22 [S] [expires: 2025-05-20]
pub rsa4096 2014-11-21 [SC] [expires: 2022-11-19]
D211 6914 1CEC D440 F2EB 8DDA 9D6D 8F6B C857 C906
uid [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <[email protected]>
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-automatic.gpg
----------------------------------------------------------
pub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]
80D1 5823 B7FD 1561 F9F7 BCDD DC30 D7C2 3CBB ABEE
uid [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
sub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-security-automatic.gpg
-------------------------------------------------------------------
pub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]
5E61 B217 265D A980 7A23 C5FF 4DFA B270 CAA9 6DFA
uid [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
sub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-stable.gpg
-------------------------------------------------------
pub rsa4096 2019-02-05 [SC] [expires: 2027-02-03]
6D33 866E DD8F FA41 C014 3AED DCC9 EFBF 77E1 1517
uid [ unknown] Debian Stable Release Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
我很好奇为什么当我使用 debian-buster 时它有 Jessie 和 Stretch 键。在上面这些是两个键 -
pub rsa4096 2017-05-22 [SC] [expires: 2025-05-20]
E1CF 20DD FFE4 B89E 8026 58F1 E0B1 1894 F66A EC98
uid [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (9/stretch) <[email protected]>
sub rsa4096 2017-05-22 [S] [expires: 2025-05-20]
pub rsa4096 2014-11-21 [SC] [expires: 2022-11-19]
D211 6914 1CEC D440 F2EB 8DDA 9D6D 8F6B C857 C906
uid [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <[email protected]>
我使用 - 删除了钥匙
$ sudo apt-key del E1CF20DDFFE4B89E802658F1E0B11894F66AEC98
也 -
$ sudo apt-key del D21169141CECD440F2EB8DDA9D6D8F6BC857C906
当两个密钥都被删除时，我收到了 pub 密钥错误
$ sudo apt update
Hit:1 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease
Err:1 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:2 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease
Err:2 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 9D6D8F6BC857C906 NO_PUBKEY AA8E81B4331F7F50
Hit:3 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable InRelease
Err:3 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:4 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental InRelease
Err:4 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:5 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug buster-debug InRelease
Err:5 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug buster-debug InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:6 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug unstable-debug InRelease
Hit:7 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug experimental-debug InRelease
Err:6 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug unstable-debug InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Err:7 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug experimental-debug InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:8 https://packages.riot.im/debian buster InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
3 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 9D6D8F6BC857C906 NO_PUBKEY AA8E81B4331F7F50
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug buster-debug InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug unstable-debug InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug experimental-debug InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian/dists/buster/InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security/dists/buster/updates/InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 9D6D8F6BC857C906 NO_PUBKEY AA8E81B4331F7F50
W: Failed to fetch http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/dists/buster-debug/InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/dists/unstable-debug/InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/dists/experimental-debug/InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453E
我的 /etc/apt/sources.list 是 -
$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
#### Debian buster #########
deb http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb-src http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
deb http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main
deb-src http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main
#### Debian unstable #########
deb http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free
deb-src http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free
#### Debian experimental #########
deb http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib
deb-src http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib
##### Debian Debug packages #######
deb http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/ buster-debug main
deb http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/ unstable-debug main
deb http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/ experimental-debug main
######## Third party repos #######
deb https://riot.im/packages/debian/ buster main
并必须使用 gpg 导入它们（我知道这是不安全的，但不得不这样做 -）
# gpg --recv-keys AA8E81B4331F7F50
gpg: key EDA0D2388AE22BA9: 11 signatures not checked due to missing keys
gpg: key EDA0D2388AE22BA9: public key "Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (9/stretch) <[email protected]>" imported
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1
进而 -
# gpg --export AA8E81B4331F7F50 | apt-key add
OK
我很想知道 apt 何时开始支持旧版本的签名以及最新的密钥？这是最近出现的现象还是真正古老的现象？我的意思是它是在 Etch (4.0) 还是更高版本中完成的？
更新 - 它最初是 Strech Install ie 9，现在已经有了buster。
就另一个问题而言 /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ 有 -
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-automatic.gpg
----------------------------------------------------------
pub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]
80D1 5823 B7FD 1561 F9F7 BCDD DC30 D7C2 3CBB ABEE
uid [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
sub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-security-automatic.gpg
-------------------------------------------------------------------
pub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]
5E61 B217 265D A980 7A23 C5FF 4DFA B270 CAA9 6DFA
uid [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
sub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-stable.gpg
-------------------------------------------------------
pub rsa4096 2019-02-05 [SC] [expires: 2027-02-03]
6D33 866E DD8F FA41 C014 3AED DCC9 EFBF 77E1 1517
uid [ unknown] Debian Stable Release Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
答案1
ftp-master 每个版本签名一次的描述如下ftp-master.debian.org:
哪个版本应该使用哪个密钥进行签名？
稳定版本由发布时使用的 ftp-master 自动存档签名密钥和每个版本的稳定密钥进行签名。其他版本（提议更新、测试、测试提议更新、不稳定和实验性）的发行文件仅由 ftp-master 自动密钥签名。
安全存档仅由 ftp 主密钥签名。
当前的程序是每个版本都有一个 ftp 主密钥（以前的程序每年引入一次新密钥）。
据 archive.org 可以追溯到（2009 年），情况就是这样，包括蚀刻发布:
当前的程序是每个版本都有一个 ftp 主密钥（以前的程序每年引入一次新密钥）。
存档密钥
主动签名密钥
当前（2007/etch）密钥可以是在这里下载
似乎与包的创建有关debian-archive-keyring为了蚀刻，其中包括您删除的文件，其中apt 取决于自从蚀刻:
apt (0.6.46.2) unstable; urgency=low
* debian/control:
- depend on debian-archive-keyring to offer clean upgrade path
(closes:#386800)
[...]