我从现已倒闭的 Alpha Computers 公司购买了一台 Centurion Nano，它预装了 Alpha OS（本质上是经过篡改的 Ubuntu）：
$ cat /etc/os-release
NAME="Alpha OS"
VERSION="1.0.0 Polaris"
ID="alpha-os"
ID_LIKE=ubuntu
PRETTY_NAME="Alpha OS 1.0.0 Polaris"
VERSION_ID="1.0.0"
HOME_URL="https://alpha.store/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://alpha.store/forums/forum/alpha-product-discussion/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://alpha.store/forums/forum/alpha-product-discussion/"
VERSION_CODENAME=polaris
UBUNTU_CODENAME=polaris
$ uname -a
Linux centurion 4.15.0-29-generic #31~16.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jul 18 08:54:04 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
今天，启动后，我注意到我的/挂载是只读的，我重新启动并收到此消息：
Inodes that were part of a corrupted orphan linked list found.
UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.
/dev/sdb2。由于这是 1 个月内第二次发生这种情况，我想了解可能的原因以及如何确保它不会再次发生？第一次我认为系统在关机时挂断了，所以我关闭了电源。这次关机成功完成（或者我是这么认为的）。
以下是有关该驱动器的更多详细信息：
dat@centurion:~$ sudo hdparm -I /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb:
ATA device, with non-removable media
Model Number: Lenovo SSD SL700 M.2 128G
Serial Number: B0E1077A19DD00000503
Firmware Revision: SBFM51.2
Transport: Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6, SATA Rev 3.0
Standards:
Supported: 11 10 9 8 7 6 5
Likely used: 11
Configuration:
Logical max current
cylinders 16383 16383
heads 16 16
sectors/track 63 63
--
CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064
LBA user addressable sectors: 250069680
LBA48 user addressable sectors: 250069680
Logical Sector size: 512 bytes
Physical Sector size: 512 bytes
Logical Sector-0 offset: 0 bytes
device size with M = 1024*1024: 122104 MBytes
device size with M = 1000*1000: 128035 MBytes (128 GB)
cache/buffer size = unknown
Form Factor: less than 1.8 inch
Nominal Media Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Capabilities:
LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
Queue depth: 32
Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 16
DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
Enabled Supported:
* SMART feature set
Security Mode feature set
* Power Management feature set
* Write cache
* Look-ahead
* Host Protected Area feature set
* WRITE_BUFFER command
* READ_BUFFER command
* NOP cmd
* DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
SET_MAX security extension
* 48-bit Address feature set
* Device Configuration Overlay feature set
* Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
* FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
* SMART error logging
* SMART self-test
* General Purpose Logging feature set
* WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
* 64-bit World wide name
* WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
* {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
* Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
* Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
* Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
* Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
* Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
* Phy event counters
* READ_LOG_DMA_EXT equivalent to READ_LOG_EXT
* DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization
Device-initiated interface power management
* Software settings preservation
* DOWNLOAD MICROCODE DMA command
* SET MAX SETPASSWORD/UNLOCK DMA commands
* WRITE BUFFER DMA command
* READ BUFFER DMA command
* DEVICE CONFIGURATION SET/IDENTIFY DMA commands
* Data Set Management TRIM supported (limit 8 blocks)
Security:
Master password revision code = 65534
supported
not enabled
not locked
frozen
not expired: security count
supported: enhanced erase
20min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 60min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT.
Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 0000000000000000
NAA : 0
IEEE OUI : 000000
Unique ID : 000000000
Checksum: correct
分区挂载为 ext4
dat@centurion:~$ blkid /dev/sdb2
/dev/sdb2: UUID="3fd4075e-6d86-4535-9db6-f78b29f942e8" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="b4da84e6-2d39-4a40-b732-581a79ae72af"
dat@centurion:~$ cat /etc/mtab | grep sdb2
/dev/sdb2 / ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered 0 0
带有加密的主目录
dat@centurion:~$ cat /etc/mtab | grep home
/home/dat/.Private /home/dat ecryptfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,ecryptfs_fnek_sig=sumtin,ecryptfs_sig=sumtinelse,ecryptfs_cipher=aes,ecryptfs_key_bytes=16,ecryptfs_unlink_sigs 0 0
以下是恢复过程的详细信息
SMART（和非SMART）价值观：
dat@centurion:~$ sudo smartctl -x /dev/sdb
smartctl 6.5 2016-01-24 r4214 [x86_64-linux-4.15.0-29-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: Lenovo SSD SL700 M.2 128G
Serial Number: B0E1077A19DD00000503
LU WWN Device Id: 0 000000 000000000
Firmware Version: SBFM51.2
User Capacity: 128,035,676,160 bytes [128 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Form Factor: < 1.8 inches
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: Unknown(0x0ff8) (minor revision not indicated)
SATA Version is: SATA 3.2, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Wed Oct 10 11:58:55 2018 PDT
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
AAM feature is: Unavailable
APM feature is: Unavailable
Rd look-ahead is: Enabled
Write cache is: Enabled
ATA Security is: Disabled, frozen [SEC2]
Wt Cache Reorder: Unavailable
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: (65535) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x79) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 30) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 6) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAGS VALUE WORST THRESH FAIL RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate PO-R-- 100 100 050 - 0
9 Power_On_Hours -O--C- 100 100 000 - 2404
12 Power_Cycle_Count -O--C- 100 100 000 - 283
168 Unknown_Attribute -O--C- 100 100 000 - 0
170 Unknown_Attribute PO---- 094 094 010 - 76
173 Unknown_Attribute -O--C- 100 100 000 - 1769532
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count -O--C- 100 100 000 - 36
194 Temperature_Celsius PO---K 067 067 000 - 33 (Min/Max 33/33)
218 Unknown_Attribute PO-R-- 100 100 050 - 0
231 Temperature_Celsius PO--C- 100 100 000 - 97
241 Total_LBAs_Written -O--C- 100 100 000 - 1901
||||||_ K auto-keep
|||||__ C event count
||||___ R error rate
|||____ S speed/performance
||_____ O updated online
|______ P prefailure warning
General Purpose Log Directory Version 1
SMART Log Directory Version 1 [multi-sector log support]
Address Access R/W Size Description
0x00 GPL,SL R/O 1 Log Directory
0x01 SL R/O 1 Summary SMART error log
0x02 SL R/O 51 Comprehensive SMART error log
0x03 GPL R/O 64 Ext. Comprehensive SMART error log
0x04 GPL,SL R/O 8 Device Statistics log
0x06 SL R/O 1 SMART self-test log
0x07 GPL R/O 1 Extended self-test log
0x09 SL R/W 1 Selective self-test log
0x10 GPL R/O 1 SATA NCQ Queued Error log
0x11 GPL R/O 1 SATA Phy Event Counters log
0x30 GPL,SL R/O 9 IDENTIFY DEVICE data log
0x80-0x9f GPL,SL R/W 16 Host vendor specific log
SMART Extended Comprehensive Error Log Version: 1 (64 sectors)
No Errors Logged
SMART Extended Self-test Log Version: 1 (1 sectors)
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 0
Note: revision number not 1 implies that no selective self-test has ever been run
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
SCT Commands not supported
Device Statistics (GP Log 0x04)
Page Offset Size Value Flags Description
0x01 ===== = = === == General Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x01 0x008 4 283 --- Lifetime Power-On Resets
0x01 0x010 4 2404 --- Power-on Hours
0x01 0x018 6 3987986978 --- Logical Sectors Written
0x01 0x028 6 1577724785 --- Logical Sectors Read
0x04 ===== = = === == General Errors Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x04 0x008 4 0 --- Number of Reported Uncorrectable Errors
0x05 ===== = = === == Temperature Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x05 0x008 1 33 --- Current Temperature
0x05 0x020 1 33 --- Highest Temperature
0x05 0x028 1 33 --- Lowest Temperature
0x06 ===== = = === == Transport Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x06 0x018 4 0 --- Number of Interface CRC Errors
0x07 ===== = = === == Solid State Device Statistics (rev 1) ==
0x07 0x008 1 2 --- Percentage Used Endurance Indicator
|||_ C monitored condition met
||__ D supports DSN
|___ N normalized value
SATA Phy Event Counters (GP Log 0x11)
ID Size Value Description
0x0001 2 0 Command failed due to ICRC error
0x0003 2 0 R_ERR response for device-to-host data FIS
0x0004 2 0 R_ERR response for host-to-device data FIS
0x0006 2 0 R_ERR response for device-to-host non-data FIS
0x0007 2 0 R_ERR response for host-to-device non-data FIS
0x0008 2 0 Device-to-host non-data FIS retries
0x0009 4 2 Transition from drive PhyRdy to drive PhyNRdy
0x000a 4 2 Device-to-host register FISes sent due to a COMRESET
0x000f 2 0 R_ERR response for host-to-device data FIS, CRC
0x0010 2 0 R_ERR response for host-to-device data FIS, non-CRC
0x0012 2 0 R_ERR response for host-to-device non-data FIS, CRC
0x0013 2 0 R_ERR response for host-to-device non-data FIS, non-CRC
在系统日志中，我可以看到 sdb2 remounted 的条目，但我不确定如何解释它，找不到任何其他与我相关的内容
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.621017] ata1: SATA link up 6.0 Gbps (SStatus 133 SControl 300)
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.621040] ata3: SATA link up 6.0 Gbps (SStatus 133 SControl 300)
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.621064] ata2: SATA link down (SStatus 4 SControl 300)
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.621258] ata3.00: ATA-11: Lenovo SSD SL700 M.2 128G, SBFM51.2, max UDMA/133
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.621259] ata3.00: 250069680 sectors, multi 16: LBA48 NCQ (depth 31/32), AA
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.621479] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.621588] ata1.00: ATA-10: HGST HTS541010B7E610, 01.01A01, max UDMA/133
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.621589] ata1.00: 1953525168 sectors, multi 16: LBA48 NCQ (depth 31/32), AA
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622197] ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622455] scsi 0:0:0:0: Direct-Access ATA HGST HTS541010B7 1A01 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622683] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 1953525168 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/932 GiB)
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622684] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 4096-byte physical blocks
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622692] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622693] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622699] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622725] sd 0:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 0
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.622957] scsi 2:0:0:0: Direct-Access ATA Lenovo SSD SL700 51.2 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.623168] sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.623280] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] 250069680 512-byte logical blocks: (128 GB/119 GiB)
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.623337] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.623338] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.623379] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.641154] sda: sda1
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.641429] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.655999] sdb: sdb1 sdb2 sdb3
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.657197] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI disk
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 2.976451] clocksource: Switched to clocksource tsc
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.487633] Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 240x67
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.507287] i915 0000:00:02.0: fb0: inteldrmfb frame buffer device
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.547895] random: fast init done
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.634734] psmouse serio1: elantech: assuming hardware version 4 (with firmware version 0x361f00)
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.674405] psmouse serio1: elantech: Synaptics capabilities query result 0x00, 0x16, 0x0d.
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.740007] raid6: sse2x1 gen() 10059 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.788005] raid6: sse2x1 xor() 6131 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.808299] [drm] RC6 on
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.836004] raid6: sse2x2 gen() 12046 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.884002] raid6: sse2x2 xor() 8275 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.932005] raid6: sse2x4 gen() 13873 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 3.980004] raid6: sse2x4 xor() 9533 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.028005] raid6: avx2x1 gen() 23736 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.076004] raid6: avx2x1 xor() 17173 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.124002] raid6: avx2x2 gen() 27103 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.172003] raid6: avx2x2 xor() 18831 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.220003] raid6: avx2x4 gen() 30098 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.268004] raid6: avx2x4 xor() 22359 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.268701] raid6: using algorithm avx2x4 gen() 30098 MB/s
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.269390] raid6: .... xor() 22359 MB/s, rmw enabled
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.270077] raid6: using avx2x2 recovery algorithm
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.270769] psmouse serio1: elantech: Elan sample query result 00, 49, 75
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.273643] xor: automatically using best checksumming function avx
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.284699] Btrfs loaded, crc32c=crc32c-intel
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 4.506433] input: ETPS/2 Elantech Touchpad as /devices/platform/i8042/serio1/input/input6
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 9.433983] EXT4-fs (sdb2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 10.700673] Lockdown: /dev/mem,kmem,port is restricted; see man kernel_lockdown.7
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 12.663600] lp: driver loaded but no devices found
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 12.790174] ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
Oct 9 10:21:38 centurion kernel: [ 15.800260] EXT4-fs (sdb2): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
更新
这种情况仍然发生，我采取了以下随机措施，希望能够解决此情况，但无济于事：
- 删除了加密的用户主页（现在整个磁盘都是没有 ecryptfs 的普通 ext4）
- 从交换中删除加密并移至不同磁盘上的交换文件
- 将内核更新至 4.15.0.42.63 amd64 [来自：4.15.0.29.51]
我觉得问题好像发生在系统超载时，但也可能反过来（错误->只读 fs->chrome 和其他应用程序感觉很慢）。
答案1
在提示符下，键入
fsck /dev/sda<number>并按Enter（根据包含文件系统错误的目录从日志中查找 <number>）对所有错误输入 y 来修复它们
出口