我在子网上使用 Raspberry Pi Zeros。我买了外部以太网适配器将它们彼此连接起来。不幸的是，这些以太网适配器都带有完全相同的 MAC 地址，这使得 Pi 之间的通信几乎不可能。
因此，我尝试/etc/systemd/network/00-default.link按照概述的步骤编辑每个 Pi Zero，强制更改 MAC 地址这个帖子。最终我使用了如下代码：
[Match]
MACAddress=00:e0:4c:53:44:58
[Link]
MACAddress=10:00:00:00:00:11
请注意，我为每个 Pi 使用了不同的新 MAC 地址
不幸的是，重启我所有的 Pi Zero 后，没有任何 MAC 地址更新为新分配的值。当我检查时，ifconfig它们都保持相同的原始值。我做错了什么？
附加信息：
ip neighbor show产生以下结果：
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ip neighbor show
192.168.2.37 dev wlan0 lladdr ac:bc:32:87:93:39 DELAY
192.168.3.12 dev enxb827eb9c0ecf lladdr 00:e0:4c:53:44:58 STALE
192.168.3.10 dev enxb827eb9c0ecf lladdr 00:e0:4c:53:44:58 STALE
192.168.3.11 dev enxb827eb9c0ecf lladdr 00:e0:4c:53:44:58 STALE
192.168.2.1 dev wlan0 lladdr 40:c7:29:4e:4d:f8 STALE
ifconfig显示：
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.3.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.3.255
inet6 fe80::4db4:2630:6df9:2aeb prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:e0:4c:53:44:58 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 144 bytes 11482 (11.2 KiB)
RX errors 1 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 133 bytes 17886 (17.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
我还设置了静态 IP，/etc/dhcpcd.conf如下所示：
interface eth0
static ip_address=192.168.3.12
lsusb输出结果为：
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0fe6:9700 Kontron (Industrial Computer Source / ICS Advent) DM9601 Fast Ethernet Adapter Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
dmesg输出结果为：
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ dmesg
[ 0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
[ 0.000000] Linux version 4.14.34+ (dc4@dc4-XPS13-9333) (gcc version 4.9.3 (crosstool-NG crosstool-ng-1.22.0-88-g8460611)) #1110 Mon Apr 16 14:51:42 BST 2018
[ 0.000000] CPU: ARMv6-compatible processor [410fb767] revision 7 (ARMv7), cr=00c5387d
[ 0.000000] CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache
[ 0.000000] OF: fdt: Machine model: Raspberry Pi Zero Rev 1.3
[ 0.000000] Memory policy: Data cache writeback
[ 0.000000] cma: Reserved 8 MiB at 0x17400000
[ 0.000000] On node 0 totalpages: 98304
[ 0.000000] free_area_init_node: node 0, pgdat c09be368, node_mem_map d7c8a400
[ 0.000000] Normal zone: 864 pages used for memmap
[ 0.000000] Normal zone: 0 pages reserved
[ 0.000000] Normal zone: 98304 pages, LIFO batch:31
[ 0.000000] random: fast init done
[ 0.000000] pcpu-alloc: s0 r0 d32768 u32768 alloc=1*32768
[ 0.000000] pcpu-alloc: [0] 0
[ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 97440
[ 0.000000] Kernel command line: bcm2708_fb.fbwidth=656 bcm2708_fb.fbheight=416 bcm2708_fb.fbswap=1 vc_mem.mem_base=0x1ec00000 vc_mem.mem_size=0x20000000 dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=ttyAMA0,115200 console=tty1 root=PARTUUID=89bc1db8-02 rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline fsck.repair=yes rootwait quiet splash plymouth.ignore-serial-consoles
[ 0.000000] PID hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
[ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
[ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
[ 0.000000] Memory: 370308K/393216K available (6415K kernel code, 587K rwdata, 1984K rodata, 440K init, 677K bss, 14716K reserved, 8192K cma-reserved)
[ 0.000000] Virtual kernel memory layout:
vector : 0xffff0000 - 0xffff1000 ( 4 kB)
fixmap : 0xffc00000 - 0xfff00000 (3072 kB)
vmalloc : 0xd8800000 - 0xff800000 ( 624 MB)
lowmem : 0xc0000000 - 0xd8000000 ( 384 MB)
modules : 0xbf000000 - 0xc0000000 ( 16 MB)
.text : 0xc0008000 - 0xc064c188 (6417 kB)
.init : 0xc08c8000 - 0xc0936000 ( 440 kB)
.data : 0xc0936000 - 0xc09c8d10 ( 588 kB)
.bss : 0xc09ce65c - 0xc0a77ba4 ( 678 kB)
[ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=32, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
[ 0.000000] ftrace: allocating 24081 entries in 71 pages
[ 0.000000] NR_IRQS: 16, nr_irqs: 16, preallocated irqs: 16
[ 0.000029] sched_clock: 32 bits at 1000kHz, resolution 1000ns, wraps every 2147483647500ns
[ 0.000059] clocksource: timer: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 1911260446275 ns
[ 0.000144] bcm2835: system timer (irq = 27)
[ 0.000696] Console: colour dummy device 80x30
[ 0.000722] console [tty1] enabled
[ 0.000756] Calibrating delay loop... 697.95 BogoMIPS (lpj=3489792)
[ 0.060295] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
[ 0.060783] Mount-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.060802] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.062076] Disabling memory control group subsystem
[ 0.062236] CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
[ 0.063310] Setting up static identity map for 0x8200 - 0x8238
[ 0.064507] devtmpfs: initialized
[ 0.074273] VFP support v0.3: implementor 41 architecture 1 part 20 variant b rev 5
[ 0.074648] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 19112604462750000 ns
[ 0.074676] futex hash table entries: 256 (order: -1, 3072 bytes)
[ 0.075995] pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem
[ 0.077312] NET: Registered protocol family 16
[ 0.080259] DMA: preallocated 1024 KiB pool for atomic coherent allocations
[ 0.086650] hw-breakpoint: found 6 breakpoint and 1 watchpoint registers.
[ 0.086666] hw-breakpoint: maximum watchpoint size is 4 bytes.
[ 0.086788] Serial: AMBA PL011 UART driver
[ 0.089479] bcm2835-mbox 2000b880.mailbox: mailbox enabled
[ 0.128920] bcm2835-dma 20007000.dma: DMA legacy API manager at d880d000, dmachans=0x1
[ 0.131193] SCSI subsystem initialized
[ 0.131424] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[ 0.131522] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[ 0.131723] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[ 0.140800] raspberrypi-firmware soc:firmware: Attached to firmware from 2018-04-16 18:21
[ 0.142844] clocksource: Switched to clocksource timer
[ 0.227945] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.6.0
[ 0.228066] VFS: Dquot-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.228352] FS-Cache: Loaded
[ 0.228672] CacheFiles: Loaded
[ 0.245507] NET: Registered protocol family 2
[ 0.246680] TCP established hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
[ 0.246766] TCP bind hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
[ 0.246860] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 4096 bind 4096)
[ 0.247011] UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.247040] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.247387] NET: Registered protocol family 1
[ 0.248079] RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
[ 0.248090] RPC: Registered udp transport module.
[ 0.248095] RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
[ 0.248100] RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
[ 0.250051] hw perfevents: no irqs for PMU, sampling events not supported
[ 0.250120] hw perfevents: enabled with armv6_1176 PMU driver, 3 counters available
[ 0.253895] workingset: timestamp_bits=14 max_order=17 bucket_order=3
[ 0.265615] FS-Cache: Netfs 'nfs' registered for caching
[ 0.266895] NFS: Registering the id_resolver key type
[ 0.266969] Key type id_resolver registered
[ 0.266977] Key type id_legacy registered
[ 0.267001] nfs4filelayout_init: NFSv4 File Layout Driver Registering...
[ 0.271488] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 251)
[ 0.271891] io scheduler noop registered
[ 0.271903] io scheduler deadline registered (default)
[ 0.272429] io scheduler cfq registered
[ 0.272443] io scheduler mq-deadline registered
[ 0.272450] io scheduler kyber registered
[ 0.274823] BCM2708FB: allocated DMA memory 57500000
[ 0.274884] BCM2708FB: allocated DMA channel 0 @ d880d000
[ 0.282914] Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 82x26
[ 0.290733] bcm2835-rng 20104000.rng: hwrng registered
[ 0.290954] vc-mem: phys_addr:0x00000000 mem_base=0x1ec00000 mem_size:0x20000000(512 MiB)
[ 0.291937] vc-sm: Videocore shared memory driver
[ 0.292521] gpiomem-bcm2835 20200000.gpiomem: Initialised: Registers at 0x20200000
[ 0.311056] brd: module loaded
[ 0.323056] loop: module loaded
[ 0.323077] Loading iSCSI transport class v2.0-870.
[ 0.323951] usbcore: registered new interface driver smsc95xx
[ 0.323983] dwc_otg: version 3.00a 10-AUG-2012 (platform bus)
[ 0.552425] Core Release: 2.80a
[ 0.552443] Setting default values for core params
[ 0.552481] Finished setting default values for core params
[ 0.752794] Using Buffer DMA mode
[ 0.752807] Periodic Transfer Interrupt Enhancement - disabled
[ 0.752813] Multiprocessor Interrupt Enhancement - disabled
[ 0.752824] OTG VER PARAM: 0, OTG VER FLAG: 0
[ 0.752959] Dedicated Tx FIFOs mode
[ 0.753813] WARN::dwc_otg_hcd_init:1046: FIQ DMA bounce buffers: virt = 0xd7514000 dma = 0x57514000 len=9024
[ 0.753842] FIQ FSM acceleration enabled for :
Non-periodic Split Transactions
Periodic Split Transactions
High-Speed Isochronous Endpoints
Interrupt/Control Split Transaction hack enabled
[ 0.753853] dwc_otg: Microframe scheduler enabled
[ 0.754022] WARN::hcd_init_fiq:459: FIQ on core 0 at 0xc049913c
[ 0.754036] WARN::hcd_init_fiq:460: FIQ ASM at 0xc0499418 length 36
[ 0.754064] WARN::hcd_init_fiq:486: MPHI regs_base at 0xd88a5000
[ 0.754145] dwc_otg 20980000.usb: DWC OTG Controller
[ 0.754209] dwc_otg 20980000.usb: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
[ 0.754284] dwc_otg 20980000.usb: irq 56, io mem 0x00000000
[ 0.754338] Init: Port Power? op_state=1
[ 0.754344] Init: Power Port (0)
[ 0.754746] usb usb1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002
[ 0.754763] usb usb1: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[ 0.754773] usb usb1: Product: DWC OTG Controller
[ 0.754783] usb usb1: Manufacturer: Linux 4.14.34+ dwc_otg_hcd
[ 0.754792] usb usb1: SerialNumber: 20980000.usb
[ 0.755841] hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
[ 0.755929] hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
[ 0.756906] dwc_otg: FIQ enabled
[ 0.756918] dwc_otg: NAK holdoff enabled
[ 0.756925] dwc_otg: FIQ split-transaction FSM enabled
[ 0.756943] Module dwc_common_port init
[ 0.757431] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[ 0.757870] mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
[ 0.757928] IR NEC protocol handler initialized
[ 0.757937] IR RC5(x/sz) protocol handler initialized
[ 0.757942] IR RC6 protocol handler initialized
[ 0.757947] IR JVC protocol handler initialized
[ 0.757952] IR Sony protocol handler initialized
[ 0.757957] IR SANYO protocol handler initialized
[ 0.757962] IR Sharp protocol handler initialized
[ 0.757967] IR MCE Keyboard/mouse protocol handler initialized
[ 0.757971] IR XMP protocol handler initialized
[ 0.759220] bcm2835-wdt 20100000.watchdog: Broadcom BCM2835 watchdog timer
[ 0.759743] bcm2835-cpufreq: min=700000 max=1000000
[ 0.760330] sdhci: Secure Digital Host Controller Interface driver
[ 0.760340] sdhci: Copyright(c) Pierre Ossman
[ 0.760952] sdhost-bcm2835 20202000.mmc: could not get clk, deferring probe
[ 0.761148] sdhci-pltfm: SDHCI platform and OF driver helper
[ 0.761864] ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
[ 0.762047] hidraw: raw HID events driver (C) Jiri Kosina
[ 0.762299] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
[ 0.762307] usbhid: USB HID core driver
[ 0.763320] vchiq: vchiq_init_state: slot_zero = d7580000, is_master = 0
[ 0.765220] [vc_sm_connected_init]: start
[ 0.774617] [vc_sm_connected_init]: end - returning 0
[ 0.775556] Initializing XFRM netlink socket
[ 0.775621] NET: Registered protocol family 17
[ 0.775780] Key type dns_resolver registered
[ 0.777575] registered taskstats version 1
[ 0.785666] uart-pl011 20201000.serial: cts_event_workaround enabled
[ 0.785796] 20201000.serial: ttyAMA0 at MMIO 0x20201000 (irq = 81, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev2
[ 0.785895] console [ttyAMA0] enabled
[ 0.789187] sdhost: log_buf @ d7513000 (57513000)
[ 0.862919] mmc0: sdhost-bcm2835 loaded - DMA enabled (>1)
[ 0.864171] of_cfs_init
[ 0.864320] of_cfs_init: OK
[ 0.865457] Waiting for root device PARTUUID=89bc1db8-02...
[ 0.940799] mmc0: host does not support reading read-only switch, assuming write-enable
[ 0.942767] mmc0: Problem switching card into high-speed mode!
[ 0.943354] mmc0: new SDHC card at address 0001
[ 0.944140] mmcblk0: mmc0:0001 SD16G 7.41 GiB (quirks 0x80000000)
[ 0.947065] mmcblk0: p1 p2
[ 0.973489] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[ 0.973596] VFS: Mounted root (ext4 filesystem) readonly on device 179:2.
[ 0.974137] Indeed it is in host mode hprt0 = 00021501
[ 1.049913] devtmpfs: mounted
[ 1.052380] Freeing unused kernel memory: 440K
[ 1.052389] This architecture does not have kernel memory protection.
[ 1.182950] usb 1-1: new full-speed USB device number 2 using dwc_otg
[ 1.183259] Indeed it is in host mode hprt0 = 00021501
[ 1.424142] usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=0fe6, idProduct=9700
[ 1.424164] usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
[ 1.424175] usb 1-1: Product: USB 2.0 10/100M Ethernet Adaptor
[ 2.009745] systemd[1]: System time before build time, advancing clock.
[ 2.275793] NET: Registered protocol family 10
[ 2.277891] Segment Routing with IPv6
[ 2.299784] ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
[ 2.352077] systemd[1]: systemd 232 running in system mode. (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ +LZ4 +SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD +IDN)
[ 2.353490] systemd[1]: Detected architecture arm.
[ 2.356390] systemd[1]: Set hostname to <raspberrypi>.
[ 2.710763] uart-pl011 20201000.serial: no DMA platform data
[ 3.764873] systemd[1]: Set up automount Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System Automount Point.
[ 3.766038] systemd[1]: Listening on udev Kernel Socket.
[ 3.766790] systemd[1]: Listening on fsck to fsckd communication Socket.
[ 3.804670] systemd[1]: Started Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.
[ 3.805743] systemd[1]: Listening on Journal Socket.
[ 3.807729] systemd[1]: Created slice System Slice.
[ 3.814051] systemd[1]: Mounting RPC Pipe File System...
[ 4.008481] i2c /dev entries driver
[ 6.022129] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): re-mounted. Opts: (null)
[ 6.654041] systemd-journald[80]: Received request to flush runtime journal from PID 1
[ 9.630719] snd_bcm2835: module is from the staging directory, the quality is unknown, you have been warned.
[ 9.703900] bcm2835_alsa bcm2835_alsa: card created with 8 channels
[ 10.945104] dm9601 1-1:1.0 eth0: register 'dm9601' at usb-20980000.usb-1, Davicom DM96xx USB 10/100 Ethernet, 00:e0:4c:53:44:58
[ 10.949769] usbcore: registered new interface driver dm9601
[ 10.971385] usbcore: registered new interface driver sr9700
[ 16.499971] enc28j60 spi0.0: enc28j60 Ethernet driver 1.02 loaded
[ 16.537004] enc28j60 spi0.0: enc28j60 chip not found
[ 16.537113] enc28j60: probe of spi0.0 failed with error -5
[ 17.189760] dm9601 1-1:1.0 eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0xFFFF
[ 17.236312] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready
[ 17.240649] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): eth0: link becomes ready
[ 17.276623] dm9601 1-1:1.0 eth0: kevent 4 may have been dropped
[ 17.284604] dm9601 1-1:1.0 eth0: kevent 4 may have been dropped
[ 17.312928] dm9601 1-1:1.0 eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0xFFFF
[ 17.411699] dm9601 1-1:1.0 eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0xFFFF
[ 19.120593] random: crng init done
[ 19.977363] Adding 102396k swap on /var/swap. Priority:-2 extents:1 across:102396k SSFS
[ 28.390600] usb 1-1: unexpected tiny rx frame
[ 31.630396] fuse init (API version 7.26)
答案1
这是我在晚上睡着之前完全没有根据的猜测。
除了 USB 以太网适配器之外，您还有更多接口，并且*.link 文件中的 也匹配的不只是 USB 适配器。具体来说，它还匹配lo回送设备。
networkd 更改了 MAC 地址后第一的它匹配的设备（可能是lo因为 ifindex 最小），它不能在任何其他接口上使用相同的 MAC – 内核拒绝这种重复操作。因此，您的新 MAC 地址不能放在 eth0 上，因为它已被 lo 占用。
为了防止这种情况（假设这实际上是问题），请添加额外的匹配项 - 例如，按 Driver 或 OriginalName 匹配。