我注意到包含 BTRFS 文件系统一部分的 HDD 设备分区上出现一些损坏错误：
matt@ryzen3950 ~> btrfs device stats /dev/dm-2
[/dev/mapper/cryptsda1].write_io_errs 0
[/dev/mapper/cryptsda1].read_io_errs 0
[/dev/mapper/cryptsda1].flush_io_errs 0
[/dev/mapper/cryptsda1].corruption_errs 12
[/dev/mapper/cryptsda1].generation_errs 0
此外，使用 btrfs-scrub 无法修复错误。这是否一定意味着硬盘出现故障？我应该更换该硬盘并将其丢弃吗？或者，是否有可能是其他一些问题造成了损坏，而硬盘驱动器却没有问题？如何判断硬盘是否确实健康？
编辑
受到下面 rickhg12hs 评论的启发，我安装了智能监控工具并使用 查询设备健康状况smartctl。我检查了设备
sudo smartctl -a -d sat /dev/sda
（替换/dev/sda为您的设备）
其中，除其他外，报告称
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
然后我执行了扩展自测试
sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sda
后来用上面的第一个命令检查了结果：
$ sudo smartctl -a -d sat /dev/sda
[sudo] password for matt:
smartctl 7.1 2020-06-01 r5062 [x86_64-linux-5.9.6] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate BarraCuda 3.5
Device Model: ST2000DM008-2FR102
Serial Number: ZFL0JANK
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 0b61e994b
Firmware Version: 0001
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Form Factor: 3.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 5
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Mon Jun 28 07:11:26 2021 PDT
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x73) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 201) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x30a5) SCT Status supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 080 046 006 Pre-fail Always - 194321836
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 099 098 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 37
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 1664
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 083 060 045 Pre-fail Always - 190898752
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 086 086 000 Old_age Always - 12558 (250 148 0)
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 37
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 099 000 Old_age Always - 1 1 1
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 063 058 040 Old_age Always - 37 (Min/Max 31/42)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 492
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 094 094 000 Old_age Always - 13428
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 037 042 000 Old_age Always - 37 (0 21 0 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 083 064 000 Old_age Always - 194321836
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 12100h+54m+59.286s
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 29153824028
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 49954137838
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 12548 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
因此，据我所知，该设备功能齐全。我不知道是什么导致了 btrfs 损坏错误（这也是我没有发布此编辑作为答案的原因）。
答案1
原始读取错误率和寻道错误率都很高，而这在过去都更糟。这表明驱动器无法读取盘片上的位模式。虽然由于内置纠错，驱动器仍然可以应对大部分时间（请参阅硬件 ECC 恢复值），但它并不完全健康。
尽管规范的重新分配扇区数为 100，但原始值不为零，这意味着过去可能有一些扇区被重新分配（原始值未标准化，因此很难说具体的内容）。这可以解释您的损坏错误，并且 BTRFS 甚至可能没有找到所有这些 - 预计您的一些文件会出现读取错误。
因此驱动器仍然可用，但已经出现磨损迹象；预计它会在未来某个时候失败（通常这种情况发生得非常突然）。不要把有价值的数据放在上面，并且一定要做好备份。可以将其用作系统驱动器，您可以通过重新安装操作系统来恢复。