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IFS（内部字段分隔符）可以用作多个连续分隔符的单个分隔符吗？

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IFS（内部字段分隔符）可以用作多个连续分隔符的单个分隔符吗？

使用具有非空格值的 IFS 解析数组会创建空元素。
即使使用tr -s将多个分隔符缩小为单个分隔符也是不够的。
一个例子可以更清楚地解释这个问题..
有没有办法通过调整 IFS 来实现“正常”结果（是否有关联的设置来改变 IFS 的行为？....即与默认空白相同的行为国际金融服务协会。

var=" abc  def   ghi    "
echo "============== IFS=<default>"
arr=($var)
for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do
   echo "# arr[$x] \"${arr[x]}\""
done
#
sfi="$IFS" ; IFS=':'
set -f # Disable file name generation (globbing)
       # (This  data won't "glob", but unless globbing     
       #  is actually needed, turn if off, because   
       #  unusual/unexpected combinations of data can glob!
       #  and they can do it in the most obscure ways...  
       #  With IFS, "you're not in Kansas any more! :)  
var=":abc::def:::ghi::::"
echo "============== IFS=$IFS"
arr=($var)
for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do
   echo "# arr[$x] \"${arr[x]}\""
done
echo "============== IFS=$IFS and tr"
arr=($(echo -n "$var"|tr -s "$IFS"))
for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do
   echo "# arr[$x] \"${arr[x]}\""
done
set +f     # enable globbing 
IFS="$sfi" # re-instate original IFS val
echo "============== IFS=<default>"

这是输出

============== IFS=<default>
# arr[0] "abc"
# arr[1] "def"
# arr[2] "ghi"
============== IFS=:
# arr[0] ""
# arr[1] "abc"
# arr[2] ""
# arr[3] "def"
# arr[4] ""
# arr[5] ""
# arr[6] "ghi"
# arr[7] ""
# arr[8] ""
# arr[9] ""
============== IFS=: and tr
# arr[0] ""
# arr[1] "abc"
# arr[2] "def"
# arr[3] "ghi"
============== IFS=<default>

答案1

来自bash联机帮助页：

IFS 中非 IFS 空白的任何字符以及任何相邻的 IFS 空白字符共同界定字段。 IFS 空白字符序列也被视为分隔符。

代表着IFS 空白（空格、制表符和换行符）的处理方式与其他分隔符不同。如果您想使用替代分隔符获得完全相同的行为，您可以借助tr或进行一些分隔符交换sed：

var=":abc::def:::ghi::::"
arr=($(echo -n $var | sed 's/ /%#%#%#%#%/g;s/:/ /g'))
for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do
   el=$(echo -n $arr | sed 's/%#%#%#%#%/ /g')
   echo "# arr[$x] \"$el\""
done

这个%#%#%#%#%东西是一个神奇的值来替换字段内可能的空格，它应该是“唯一的”（或者非常不相关）。如果您确定字段中不会有空格，则只需删除此部分）。

答案2

要删除多个（非空格）连续分隔符，可以使用两个（字符串/数组）参数扩展。技巧是将IFS变量设置为空字符串以进行数组参数扩展。

这记录在man bash在下面分词:

由于扩展没有值的参数而产生的不带引号的隐式空参数将被删除。

(
set -f
str=':abc::def:::ghi::::'
IFS=':'
arr=(${str})
IFS=""
arr=(${arr[@]})

echo ${!arr[*]}

for ((i=0; i < ${#arr[@]}; i++)); do 
   echo "${i}: '${arr[${i}]}'"
done
)

答案3

你也可以用 gawk 来做到这一点，但它并不漂亮：

var=":abc::def:::ghi::::"
out=$( gawk -F ':+' '
  {
    # strip delimiters from the ends of the line
    sub("^"FS,"")
    sub(FS"$","")
    # then output in a bash-friendly format
    for (i=1;i<=NF;i++) printf("\"%s\" ", $i)
    print ""
  }
' <<< "$var" )
eval arr=($out)
for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do
  echo "# arr[$x] \"${arr[x]}\""
done

输出

# arr[0] "abc"
# arr[1] "def"
# arr[2] "ghi"

答案4

由于 bash IFS 没有提供内部方法来将连续分隔符字符视为单个分隔符（对于非空白分隔符），因此我整理了一个全 bash 版本（与使用外部调用，例如 tr、awk、sed） ）

它可以处理多字符 IFS..

以下是其执行时间结果，以及此 Q/A 页面上显示的tr和awk选项的类似测试...测试基于仅构建阵列的 10000 次迭代（没有 I/O）...

pure bash     3.174s (28 char IFS)
call (awk) 0m32.210s  (1 char IFS) 
call (tr)  0m32.178s  (1 char IFS)

这是输出

# dlm_str  = :.~!@#$%^&()_+-=`}{][ ";></,
# original = :abc:.. def:.~!@#$%^&()_+-=`}{][ ";></,'single*quote?'..123:
# unified  = :abc::::def::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'single*quote?'::123:
# max-w 2^ = ::::::::::::::::
# shrunk.. = :abc:def:'single*quote?':123:
# arr[0] "abc"
# arr[1] "def"
# arr[2] "'single*quote?'"
# arr[3] "123"

这是脚本

#!/bin/bash

# Note: This script modifies the source string. 
#       so work with a copy, if you need the original. 
# also: Use the name varG (Global) it's required by 'shrink_repeat_chars'
#
# NOTE: * asterisk      in IFS causes a regex(?) issue,     but  *  is ok in data. 
# NOTE: ? Question-mark in IFS causes a regex(?) issue,     but  ?  is ok in data. 
# NOTE: 0..9 digits     in IFS causes empty/wacky elements, but they're ok in data.
# NOTE: ' single quote  in IFS; don't know yet,             but  '  is ok in data.
# 
function shrink_repeat_chars () # A 'tr -s' analog
{
  # Shrink repeating occurrences of char
  #
  # $1: A string of delimiters which when consecutively repeated and are       
  #     considered as a shrinkable group. A example is: "   " whitespace delimiter.
  #
  # $varG  A global var which contains the string to be "shrunk".
  #
# echo "# dlm_str  = $1" 
# echo "# original = $varG" 
  dlms="$1"        # arg delimiter string
  dlm1=${dlms:0:1} # 1st delimiter char  
  dlmw=$dlm1       # work delimiter  
  # More than one delimiter char
  # ============================
  # When a delimiter contains more than one char.. ie (different byte` values),    
  # make all delimiter-chars in string $varG the same as the 1st delimiter char.
  ix=1;xx=${#dlms}; 
  while ((ix<xx)) ; do # Where more than one delim char, make all the same in varG  
    varG="${varG//${dlms:$ix:1}/$dlm1}"
    ix=$((ix+1))
  done
# echo "# unified  = $varG" 
  #
  # Binary shrink
  # =============
  # Find the longest required "power of 2' group needed for a binary shrink
  while [[ "$varG" =~ .*$dlmw$dlmw.* ]] ; do dlmw=$dlmw$dlmw; done # double its length
# echo "# max-w 2^ = $dlmw"
  #
  # Shrik groups of delims to a single char
  while [[ ! "$dlmw" == "$dlm1" ]] ; do
    varG=${varG//${dlmw}$dlm1/$dlm1}
    dlmw=${dlmw:$((${#dlmw}/2))}
  done
  varG=${varG//${dlmw}$dlm1/$dlm1}
# echo "# shrunk.. = $varG"
}

# Main
  varG=':abc:.. def:.~!@#$%^&()_+-=`}{][ ";></,'\''single*quote?'\''..123:' 
  sfi="$IFS"; IFS=':.~!@#$%^&()_+-=`}{][ ";></,' # save original IFS and set new multi-char IFS
  set -f                                         # disable globbing
  shrink_repeat_chars "$IFS" # The source string name must be $varG
  arr=(${varG:1})    # Strip leading dlim;  A single trailing dlim is ok (strangely
  for ix in ${!arr[*]} ; do  # Dump the array
     echo "# arr[$ix] \"${arr[ix]}\""
  done
  set +f     # re-enable globbing   
  IFS="$sfi" # re-instate the original IFS
  #
exit

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