在我的 Debian/Sid 台式家用计算机（AMD Ryzen 2970WX、一些 MSI 399 主板）上，我有一个 SSD M2 NVME，并且我收到root自动邮件，例如：
The following warning/error was logged by the smartd daemon: Device: /dev/nvme0, number of Error Log entries increased from 423 to 424 Device info: Samsung SSD 970 EVO 2TB, S/N:S464NB0KA03837J, FW:2B2QEXE7, 2.00 TB For details see host's SYSLOG.
该 SSD 磁盘包含根分区（根据 填充至 29% df -h）和/home（填充至 5%）。
台式机（通过 UPS 24 小时/24 供电，位于法国巴黎附近）主要用于开发参考系统以及通常的软件开发人员活动（软件构建、调试、测试以及邮件和网页浏览、LaTeX、emacs、运行./refpersys等）。
我的理解是SSD NVME磁盘的正常磨损。
在smartctl --test=short /dev/nvme0（以 root 身份运行）之后，命令smartctl -a /dev/nvme0 给出
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-3-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Number: Samsung SSD 970 EVO 2TB
Serial Number: S464NB0KA03837J
Firmware Version: 2B2QEXE7
PCI Vendor/Subsystem ID: 0x144d
IEEE OUI Identifier: 0x002538
Total NVM Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 [2.00 TB]
Unallocated NVM Capacity: 0
Controller ID: 4
Number of Namespaces: 1
Namespace 1 Size/Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 [2.00 TB]
Namespace 1 Utilization: 258,943,426,560 [258 GB]
Namespace 1 Formatted LBA Size: 512
Namespace 1 IEEE EUI-64: 002538 5a81b50e6f
Local Time is: Mon Feb 3 10:28:49 2020 MET
Firmware Updates (0x16): 3 Slots, no Reset required
Optional Admin Commands (0x0017): Security Format Frmw_DL Self_Test
Optional NVM Commands (0x005f): Comp Wr_Unc DS_Mngmt Wr_Zero Sav/Sel_Feat Timestmp
Maximum Data Transfer Size: 512 Pages
Warning Comp. Temp. Threshold: 82 Celsius
Critical Comp. Temp. Threshold: 82 Celsius
Supported Power States
St Op Max Active Idle RL RT WL WT Ent_Lat Ex_Lat
0 + 6.20W - - 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 + 4.30W - - 1 1 1 1 0 0
2 + 2.10W - - 2 2 2 2 0 0
3 - 0.0400W - - 3 3 3 3 210 1200
4 - 0.0050W - - 4 4 4 4 2000 8000
Supported LBA Sizes (NSID 0x1)
Id Fmt Data Metadt Rel_Perf
0 + 512 0 0
=== START OF SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
SMART/Health Information (NVMe Log 0x02)
Critical Warning: 0x00
Temperature: 39 Celsius
Available Spare: 100%
Available Spare Threshold: 10%
Percentage Used: 0%
Data Units Read: 170,671,345 [87.3 TB]
Data Units Written: 6,787,146 [3.47 TB]
Host Read Commands: 1,072,794,583
Host Write Commands: 62,979,313
Controller Busy Time: 1,480
Power Cycles: 196
Power On Hours: 906
Unsafe Shutdowns: 136
Media and Data Integrity Errors: 0
Error Information Log Entries: 427
Warning Comp. Temperature Time: 0
Critical Comp. Temperature Time: 0
Temperature Sensor 1: 39 Celsius
Temperature Sensor 2: 43 Celsius
Error Information (NVMe Log 0x01, max 64 entries)
No Errors Logged
这是输出smartctl -x /dev/nvme0：
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-3-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Number: Samsung SSD 970 EVO 2TB
Serial Number: S464NB0KA03837J
Firmware Version: 2B2QEXE7
PCI Vendor/Subsystem ID: 0x144d
IEEE OUI Identifier: 0x002538
Total NVM Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 [2.00 TB]
Unallocated NVM Capacity: 0
Controller ID: 4
Number of Namespaces: 1
Namespace 1 Size/Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 [2.00 TB]
Namespace 1 Utilization: 258,943,426,560 [258 GB]
Namespace 1 Formatted LBA Size: 512
Namespace 1 IEEE EUI-64: 002538 5a81b50e6f
Local Time is: Mon Feb 3 10:42:30 2020 MET
Firmware Updates (0x16): 3 Slots, no Reset required
Optional Admin Commands (0x0017): Security Format Frmw_DL Self_Test
Optional NVM Commands (0x005f): Comp Wr_Unc DS_Mngmt Wr_Zero Sav/Sel_Feat Timestmp
Maximum Data Transfer Size: 512 Pages
Warning Comp. Temp. Threshold: 82 Celsius
Critical Comp. Temp. Threshold: 82 Celsius
Supported Power States
St Op Max Active Idle RL RT WL WT Ent_Lat Ex_Lat
0 + 6.20W - - 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 + 4.30W - - 1 1 1 1 0 0
2 + 2.10W - - 2 2 2 2 0 0
3 - 0.0400W - - 3 3 3 3 210 1200
4 - 0.0050W - - 4 4 4 4 2000 8000
Supported LBA Sizes (NSID 0x1)
Id Fmt Data Metadt Rel_Perf
0 + 512 0 0
=== START OF SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
SMART/Health Information (NVMe Log 0x02)
Critical Warning: 0x00
Temperature: 39 Celsius
Available Spare: 100%
Available Spare Threshold: 10%
Percentage Used: 0%
Data Units Read: 170,671,351 [87.3 TB]
Data Units Written: 6,787,156 [3.47 TB]
Host Read Commands: 1,072,794,690
Host Write Commands: 62,980,162
Controller Busy Time: 1,480
Power Cycles: 196
Power On Hours: 906
Unsafe Shutdowns: 136
Media and Data Integrity Errors: 0
Error Information Log Entries: 427
Warning Comp. Temperature Time: 0
Critical Comp. Temperature Time: 0
Temperature Sensor 1: 39 Celsius
Temperature Sensor 2: 42 Celsius
Error Information (NVMe Log 0x01, max 64 entries)
No Errors Logged
我发现这样的测试和no errors logged信息令人安心。
问题：
我什么时候应该担心？
在理想的情况下，我希望在 SSD 意外崩溃之前更换它。我听说有传言说 SSD 完全失效（不像旋转硬盘那样逐渐失效）。我根本不是硬件专家。
我应该运行什么 Linux 命令（例如每月）来评估 SSD NVME 磁盘的磨损情况？
答案1
尝试（需要通过 apt、synaptic 或类似方式安装sudo nvme error-log /dev/nvme0软件包）。nvme-cli
答案2
SSD 的使用寿命通常受到存储单元可以处理的写入次数的限制。 SSD/NVMe 中的存储单元在发生故障之前只能承受有限数量的写入操作。
通常，固态器件中的存储单元在每次写入操作期间都会经历磨损，并且每个存储单元仅容忍有限（有限）次数的重写次数。 （随着每个单元中存储的位数增加，该值通常越来越小：SLC->MLC->TLC->QLC）。大多数固态磁盘（SSD 设备）通过各种属性报告内存单元的整体运行状况。
您可以用来smartctl -a /dev/nvme0n1查看有关 nvme 磁盘的运行状况信息。
显示percentage_used磁盘制造商计算出的有关磁盘寿命的数字。该available_spare参数指示有多少可用的备用存储单元。除非“available_spare”下降到 1% 并且“percentage_used”上升到 100%，否则 SSD 仍然可以正常工作。
一旦达到这些限制，您应该考虑更换 SSD。另一个指标是Critical Warning应始终0x00检查NVMe规范对于其他号码。
失败/磨损的 NVMe 的截断示例输出：
=== START OF SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: FAILED!
- available spare has fallen below threshold
- media has been placed in read only mode
SMART/Health Information (NVMe Log 0x02)
Critical Warning: 0x09
Temperature: 54 Celsius
Available Spare: 0%
Available Spare Threshold: 10%
Percentage Used: 3%
Data Units Read: 152,049,475 [77.8 TB]
Data Units Written: 123,071,212 [63.0 TB]
健康 NVMe 的示例：
=== START OF SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
SMART/Health Information (NVMe Log 0x02)
Critical Warning: 0x00
Temperature: 38 Celsius
Available Spare: 100%
Available Spare Threshold: 10%
Percentage Used: 1%
Data Units Read: 8,602,182 [4.40 TB]
Data Units Written: 13,527,143 [6.92 TB]
已使用一些备件但仍然正常的 NVMe 示例：
=== START OF SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
SMART/Health Information (NVMe Log 0x02)
Critical Warning: 0x00
Temperature: 45 Celsius
Available Spare: 74%
Available Spare Threshold: 10%
Percentage Used: 3%
Data Units Read: 435,391,613 [222 TB]
Data Units Written: 47,171,668 [24.1 TB]
好读： NVMe 驱动器的使用寿命