我读过有关由于 SSD 磨损、隐藏文件、意外删除文件等导致文件丢失的信息，但我认为这个问题可能有所不同。
有一天，一个朋友的计算机缺少启动设备，当我在我的 Linux 计算机中检查她的 SSD（Micron M500 2.5 SSD）时，我只发现了文件夹System Volume Information，$RECYCLE.BIN没有其他任何东西。
然后我开始sudo ntfsundelete /dev/sda1 --scan想，她不知怎么地删除了所有的 Windows/Users 文件夹，但没有任何东西可以恢复
Inode Flags %age Date Time Size Filename
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
16 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
17 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
18 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
19 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
20 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
21 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
22 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
23 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
43 D... 0% 2022-09-03 21:28 0 CrystalDiskMark0552BE49
44 FN.. 100% 2022-09-03 21:32 1073741824 CrystalDiskMark0552BE49.tmp
45 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
46 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
47 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
48 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
49 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
50 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
51 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
52 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
53 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
54 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
55 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
56 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
57 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
58 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
59 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
60 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
61 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
62 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
63 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
64 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
65 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
66 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
67 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
68 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
69 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
70 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
71 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
72 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
73 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
74 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
75 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
76 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
77 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
78 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
79 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
80 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
81 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
82 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
83 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
84 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
85 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
86 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
87 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
88 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
89 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
90 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
91 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
92 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
93 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
94 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
95 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
96 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
97 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
98 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
99 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
100 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
101 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
102 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
103 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
104 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
105 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
106 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
107 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
108 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
109 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
110 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
111 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
112 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
113 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
114 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
115 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
116 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
117 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
118 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
119 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
120 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
121 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
122 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
123 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
124 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
125 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
126 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
127 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
128 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
129 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
130 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
131 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
132 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
133 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
134 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
135 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
136 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
137 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
138 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
139 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
140 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
141 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
142 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
143 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
144 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
145 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
146 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
147 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
148 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
149 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
150 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
151 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
152 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
153 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
154 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
155 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
156 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
157 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
158 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
159 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
160 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
161 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
162 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
163 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
164 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
165 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
166 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
167 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
168 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
169 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
170 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
171 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
172 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
173 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
174 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
175 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
176 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
177 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
178 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
179 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
180 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
181 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
182 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
183 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
184 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
185 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
186 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
187 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
188 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
189 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
190 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
191 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
192 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
193 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
194 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
195 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
196 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
197 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
198 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
199 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
200 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
201 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
202 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
203 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
204 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
205 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
206 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
207 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
208 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
209 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
210 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
211 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
212 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
213 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
214 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
215 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
216 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
217 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
218 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
219 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
220 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
221 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
222 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
223 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
224 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
225 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
226 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
227 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
228 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
229 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
230 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
231 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
232 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
233 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
234 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
235 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
236 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
237 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
238 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
239 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
240 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
241 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
242 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
243 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
244 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
245 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
246 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
247 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
248 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
249 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
250 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
251 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
252 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
253 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
254 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
255 F..! 0% 1969-12-31 21:00 0 <none>
Files with potentially recoverable content: 1
考虑到 SSD 磨损，我检查了“SMART”支持
$ sudo smartctl --info /dev/sda | grep 'SMART support is:'
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
并运行“长”测试，但显示“通过”
$ sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sda
$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda
smartctl 7.3 2022-02-28 r5338 [x86_64-linux-5.18.16-arch1-1] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-22, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
我还能运行哪些其他测试来查看设备中是否还有文件可以恢复吗？
编辑：添加有关完整 SMART 报告的信息
$sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 7.3 2022-02-28 r5338 [x86_64-linux-5.18.16-arch1-1] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-22, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Crucial/Micron Client SSDs
Device Model: Micron_M500_MTFDDAK240MAV
Serial Number: 14350D60F317
LU WWN Device Id: 5 00a075 10d60f317
Firmware Version: MU05
User Capacity: 240,057,409,536 bytes [240 GB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
TRIM Command: Available, deterministic, zeroed
Device is: In smartctl database 7.3/5319
ATA Version is: ACS-2, ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 6
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Tue Sep 13 16:59:51 2022 -03
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x80) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 1115) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 18) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 3) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x0035) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 15
5 Reallocate_NAND_Blk_Cnt 0x0033 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 2
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 13002
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 5781
171 Program_Fail_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
172 Erase_Fail_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
173 Ave_Block-Erase_Count 0x0032 092 092 000 Old_age Always - 262
174 Unexpect_Power_Loss_Ct 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 158
180 Unused_Reserve_NAND_Blk 0x0033 000 000 000 Pre-fail Always - 4064
183 SATA_Interfac_Downshift 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 Error_Correction_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 1
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 075 055 000 Old_age Always - 25 (Min/Max 0/45)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2
197 Current_Pending_ECC_Cnt 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 756
202 Percent_Lifetime_Remain 0x0031 092 092 000 Pre-fail Offline - 8
206 Write_Error_Rate 0x000e 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
210 Success_RAIN_Recov_Cnt 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
246 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0032 100 100 --- Old_age Always - 37884038291
247 Host_Program_Page_Count 0x0032 100 100 --- Old_age Always - 1284157884
248 FTL_Program_Page_Count 0x0032 100 100 --- Old_age Always - 2794043982
SMART Error Log Version: 1
Warning: ATA error count 0 inconsistent with error log pointer 1
ATA Error Count: 0
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 0 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 0 hours (0 days + 0 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was in an unknown state.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 08 1c 6a 65 40 Error: UNC at LBA = 0x00656a1c = 6646300
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 08 1c 6a 65 40 00 31d+11:36:00.000 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 08 bc 1e a6 40 00 31d+11:36:00.000 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 08 b4 1e a6 40 00 31d+11:36:00.000 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 01 08 ac 1e a6 40 00 31d+11:36:00.000 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 01 08 a4 1e a6 40 00 31d+11:36:00.000 READ FPDMA QUEUED
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 13000 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 13000 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 12993 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 12992 -
# 5 Short offline Completed without error 00% 12991 -
# 6 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 12991 -
# 7 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 8755 -
# 8 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 8752 -
# 9 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 8715 -
#10 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 8604 -
#11 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 8601 -
#12 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 8259 -
#13 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 7635 -
#14 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 7608 -
#15 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 7550 -
#16 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 7339 -
#17 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 7298 -
#18 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 7279 -
#19 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 6876 -
#20 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 4453 -
#21 Vendor (0xff) Completed without error 00% 3170 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.