我已经使用 Ubuntu Server AMI 之一启动了一个 AWS 实例，使用默认用户 (ubuntu) 和密钥文件成功登录，安装了一些东西，添加了一些用户，断开连接并忘记了几周。
今天我发现我无法再使用第一次使用的相同凭据通过 ssh 连接到它：
$ ssh -i ~/path/key.pem [email protected]
Connection closed by 1.2.3.4 port 22
$ ssh -v -i ~/path/key.pem [email protected]
OpenSSH_7.6p1 Ubuntu-4ubuntu0.3, OpenSSL 1.0.2n 7 Dec 2017
debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config
debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 19: Applying options for *
debug1: Connecting to 1.2.3.4 [1.2.3.4] port 22.
debug1: Connection established.
debug1: key_load_public: No such file or directory
debug1: identity file /path/key.pem type -1
debug1: key_load_public: No such file or directory
debug1: identity file /path/key.pem-cert type -1
debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.6p1 Ubuntu-4ubuntu0.3
debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_7.6p1 Ubuntu-4ubuntu0.3
debug1: match: OpenSSH_7.6p1 Ubuntu-4ubuntu0.3 pat OpenSSH* compat 0x04000000
debug1: Authenticating to 1.2.3.4:22 as 'ubuntu'
debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent
debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received
debug1: kex: algorithm: curve25519-sha256
debug1: kex: host key algorithm: ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
debug1: kex: server->client cipher: [email protected] MAC: <implicit> compression: none
debug1: kex: client->server cipher: [email protected] MAC: <implicit> compression: none
debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY
debug1: Server host key: ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 SHA256:a/4u6R0qGP4SviSke0OWOOIaSjqymNvexBZDJ+yoOXc
debug1: Host '1.2.3.4' is known and matches the ECDSA host key.
debug1: Found key in /home/user/.ssh/known_hosts:45
debug1: rekey after 134217728 blocks
debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent
debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS
debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received
debug1: rekey after 134217728 blocks
debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received
debug1: kex_input_ext_info: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ssh-rsa,rsa-sha2-256,rsa-sha2-512,ssh-dss,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521>
debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received
debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey
debug1: Next authentication method: publickey
debug1: Offering public key: RSA SHA256:nd8gr8BrgC88h1hobmvdNMHOWNmWukYc4L0SJswVolk user@host
debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey
debug1: Trying private key: /path/key.pem
Connection closed by 1.2.3.4 port 22
因此，我停止了该实例，分离了该卷，并将该卷附加到了我能够登录的实例。这使我能够挂载卷、访问文件并研究 ssh 配置和日志。
这就是我发现用户帐户由于某种原因被锁定的方式：
$ cd /path/to/mounted/volume
$ tail var/log/auth.log
Mar 15 13:10:24 sshd[1145]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Mar 15 13:10:24 sshd[1145]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Mar 15 13:14:09 sshd[1430]: User ubuntu not allowed because account is locked
Mar 15 13:17:01 CRON[1440]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Mar 15 13:17:01 CRON[1440]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Mar 15 13:26:07 sshd[1473]: User another_user not allowed because account is locked
Mar 15 13:26:07 sshd[1473]: Connection closed by invalid user another_user 212.93.116.117 port 36868 [preauth]
Mar 15 13:27:42 sshd[1475]: Bad protocol version identification '\377\364\377\375\006\033\033' from 212.93.116.117 port 36872
Mar 15 13:28:05 sshd[1476]: User ubuntu not allowed because account is locked
Mar 15 13:36:37 sshd[1145]: Received signal 15; terminating.
当我创建 another_user 并设置密钥身份验证、禁用 ssh 密码登录时，我忘记为其指定非空密码。因此，这可能是该用户被锁定的原因。不管怎样，我现在正在寻找一种方法来解锁用户 ubuntu，至少是暂时的，看看是否可以解决 ssh 访问问题。但是，如您所见，我无法使用系统命令，我需要能够通过直接编辑系统文件来完成此操作。
答案1
只需更改一个文件中的一个字符即可使用户ubuntu再次登录：
$ cd /path/to/mounted/volume
$ sudo nano etc/shadow
# Searh for the row that starts with "ubuntu:!"
# Change the "!" to "*", save, exit
将卷重新附加到损坏的实例并启动后，现在可以使用 ubuntu 用户正常登录。我仍然不知道为什么该用户被自动锁定。关于创建的其他用户，我认为它被锁定是因为它的密码为空，但我没有参考资料来证明这一点。