升级到 debian 10.5 (nvidia) 后没有 GUI

Question

所以我今天早上升级到了 debian 10.5（dist-upgrade），但之后我无法进入 GUI，因为我只有一个闪烁的光标。我的显卡是 Nvidia gtx 1080 ti。我目前正在使用巴斯特存储库中的 nvidia 驱动程序。幸运的是，我几天前就有了备份，所以我恢复了，现在它可以工作了，但我无法再次升级，直到你们给我一个建议。谢谢！

这是正在运行的（但已弃用的）内核：

Linux jupiter 4.19.0-9-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.118-2+deb10u1 (2020-06-07) x86_64 GNU/Linux

这是更新的内核，但是它产生了我上面和下面描述的问题：

Linux jupiter 4.19.0-10-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.132-1 (2020-07-24) x86_64 GNU/Linux

这是以下的输出sudo apt upgrade：

The following NEW packages will be installed:
  linux-headers-4.19.0-10-amd64 linux-headers-4.19.0-10-common
  linux-image-4.19.0-10-amd64
The following packages will be upgraded:
  ark base-files brave-browser clamav clamav-base clamav-daemon
  clamav-freshclam clamdscan dbus dbus-user-session dbus-x11 firefox-esr fwupd
  fwupd-amd64-signed glib-networking glib-networking-common
  glib-networking-services google-chrome-stable grub-common grub-efi-amd64
  grub-efi-amd64-bin grub-efi-amd64-signed grub2-common intel-microcode
  libappstream-glib8 libclamav9 libcpupower1 libdbus-1-3 libdbus-1-3:i386
  libegl-nvidia0 libegl-nvidia0:i386 libexif12 libexif12:i386 libexiv2-14
  libfwupd2 libgl1-nvidia-glvnd-glx libgl1-nvidia-glvnd-glx:i386
  libgles-nvidia1 libgles-nvidia1:i386 libgles-nvidia2 libgles-nvidia2:i386
  libglx-nvidia0 libglx-nvidia0:i386 libgnutls30 libgnutls30:i386 libinput-bin
  libinput10 liblirc-client0 libmariadb3 libmariadb3:i386 libnvidia-cbl
  libnvidia-cfg1 libnvidia-eglcore libnvidia-eglcore:i386
  libnvidia-fatbinaryloader libnvidia-glcore libnvidia-glcore:i386
  libnvidia-glvkspirv libnvidia-glvkspirv:i386 libnvidia-ml1
  libnvidia-ptxjitcompiler1 libnvidia-rtcore libperl5.28 libperl5.28:i386
  libpython3.7 libpython3.7-dev libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib
  libunwind8 linux-compiler-gcc-8-x86 linux-headers-amd64 linux-image-amd64
  linux-kbuild-4.19 linux-libc-dev lsp-plugins-jack mariadb-common
  nvidia-alternative nvidia-driver nvidia-driver-bin nvidia-driver-libs
  nvidia-driver-libs:i386 nvidia-driver-libs-i386:i386 nvidia-egl-common
  nvidia-egl-icd nvidia-egl-icd:i386 nvidia-kernel-dkms nvidia-kernel-support
  nvidia-legacy-check nvidia-vdpau-driver nvidia-vulkan-common
  nvidia-vulkan-icd nvidia-vulkan-icd:i386 openjdk-11-jre
  openjdk-11-jre-headless perl perl-base perl-modules-5.28 python-pil
  python3-pil python3.7 python3.7-dev python3.7-minimal
  shim-helpers-amd64-signed shim-unsigned teamviewer transmission-common
  xserver-xorg-video-nvidia
107 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/465 MB of archives.
After this operation, 327 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

在升级时，我最后发现了这一点：

[...]
Setting up nvidia-kernel-dkms (418.152.00-1) ...
Loading new nvidia-current-418.152.00 DKMS files...
Building for 4.19.0-9-amd64 4.19.0-10-amd64
Building initial module for 4.19.0-9-amd64
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 4.19.0-9-amd64 (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/make.log for more information.
dpkg: error processing package nvidia-kernel-dkms (--configure):
 installed nvidia-kernel-dkms package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 10
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of nvidia-driver:
 nvidia-driver depends on nvidia-kernel-dkms (= 418.152.00-1) | nvidia-kernel-418.152.00; however:
  Package nvidia-kernel-dkms is not configured yet.
  Package nvidia-kernel-418.152.00 is not installed.
  Package nvidia-kernel-dkms which provides nvidia-kernel-418.152.00 is not configured yet.

dpkg: error processing package nvidia-driver (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up nvidia-driver-bin (418.152.00-1) ...
Setting up nvidia-driver-libs:amd64 (418.152.00-1) ...
Setting up nvidia-driver-libs:i386 (418.152.00-1) ...
Setting up nvidia-driver-libs-i386:i386 (418.152.00-1) ...
Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.133+deb10u1) ...
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.19.0-10-amd64
Processing triggers for shim-signed:amd64 (1.33+15+1533136590.3beb971-7) ...
Processing triggers for glx-alternative-nvidia (1.0.0) ...
Processing triggers for glx-alternative-mesa (1.0.0) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-10) ...
Processing triggers for update-glx (1.0.0) ...
Processing triggers for glx-alternative-nvidia (1.0.0) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-10) ...
Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.133+deb10u1) ...
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.19.0-10-amd64
Errors were encountered while processing:
 nvidia-kernel-dkms
 nvidia-driver
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

更新： 内容/var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/make.log：

DKMS make.log for nvidia-current-418.152.00 for kernel 4.19.0-9-amd64 (x86_64)
Sun Aug  2 17:35:42 EEST 2020
make KBUILD_OUTPUT=/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build V=1 -C /lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source M=/var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build ARCH=x86_64 NV_KERNEL_SOURCES=/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source NV_KERNEL_OUTPUT=/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build NV_KERNEL_MODULES="nvidia nvidia-uvm nvidia-modeset nvidia-drm" INSTALL_MOD_DIR=kernel/drivers/video NV_SPECTRE_V2=0 modules
make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common'
make -C /lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build KBUILD_SRC=/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common \
-f /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/Makefile modules
make[2]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-amd64'
arch/x86/Makefile:151: CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support
/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/scripts/gcc-version.sh: line 26: /bin/gcc-8: Permission denied
/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/scripts/gcc-version.sh: line 27: /bin/gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
test -e include/generated/autoconf.h -a -e include/config/auto.conf || (        \
echo >&2;                           \
echo >&2 "  ERROR: Kernel configuration is invalid.";       \
echo >&2 "         include/generated/autoconf.h or include/config/auto.conf are missing.";\
echo >&2 "         Run 'make oldconfig && make prepare' on kernel src to fix it.";  \
echo >&2 ;                          \
/bin/false)
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
mkdir -p /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/.tmp_versions ; rm -f /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/.tmp_versions/*
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
make -f /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/scripts/Makefile.build obj=/var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build
make[2]: execvp: gcc-8: Permission denied
NV_CONFTEST_CMD=/bin/sh /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/conftest.sh " gcc-8" " gcc-8" x86_64 /lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source /lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build
NV_CONFTEST_CFLAGS=-O2 -D__KERNEL__ -DKBUILD_BASENAME="#conftest28767" -DKBUILD_MODNAME="#conftest28767" -nostdinc -isystem -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source/include/asm-x86/mach-default -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source/arch/x86/include/asm/mach-default -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build/include2 -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build/include -include /lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build/include/generated/autoconf.h -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source/include -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source/include/uapi -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source/include/xen -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build/include/generated/uapi -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source/arch/x86/include -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/source/arch/x86/include/uapi -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build/arch/x86/include/generated -I/lib/modules/4.19.0-9-amd64/build/arch/x86/include/generated/uapi -Wall -Wundef -Wstrict-prototypes -Wno-trigraphs -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -fshort-wchar -Wno-format-security -std=gnu89 -mno-sse -mno-mmx -mno-sse2 -mno-3dnow -m64 -mno-red-zone -mcmodel=kernel -pipe -Wno-sign-compare -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -O2 -fstack-protector-strong -g -pg
KBUILD_CFLAGS=-Wall -Wundef -Wstrict-prototypes -Wno-trigraphs -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -fshort-wchar -Werror-implicit-function-declaration -Wno-format-security -std=gnu89  -mno-sse -mno-mmx -mno-sse2 -mno-3dnow  -m64        -mno-red-zone -mcmodel=kernel              -pipe -Wno-sign-compare -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables         -O2     -fstack-protector-strong    -g -pg                      
LINUXINCLUDE=-I/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/arch/x86/include -I./arch/x86/include/generated  -I/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/include -I./include -I/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/arch/x86/include/uapi -I./arch/x86/include/generated/uapi -I/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/include/uapi -I./include/generated/uapi -include /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/include/linux/kconfig.h
LDFLAGS=
(cat /dev/null;   echo kernel//var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/nvidia.ko;   echo kernel//var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/nvidia-uvm.ko;   echo kernel//var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/nvidia-modeset.ko;   echo kernel//var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/nvidia-drm.ko;) > /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/modules.order
KBUILD_LDFLAGS=-m elf_x86_64  -z max-page-size=0x200000

The C compiler ' gcc-8' does not appear to be able to
create object files.  Please make sure you have 
your Linux distribution's libc development package
installed and that ' gcc-8' is a valid C compiler
name.

*** Failed CC sanity check. Bailing out! ***

  ln -sf /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/nvidia/nv-kernel-amd64.o_binary /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/nvidia/nv-kernel.o
make[3]: *** [/var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/Kbuild:207: cc_sanity_check] Error 1
make[3]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
ARCH=x86_64
  ln -sf /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/nvidia-modeset/nv-modeset-kernel-amd64.o_binary /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/nvidia-modeset/nv-modeset-kernel.o

Compiler version check failed:

The major and minor number of the compiler used to
compile the kernel:

gcc version 8.3.0 (Debian 8.3.0-6)

does not match the compiler used here:

/var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/conftest.sh: 3739: /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/conftest.sh: gcc-8: Permission denied

It is recommended to set the CC environment variable
to the compiler that was used to compile the kernel.

The compiler version check can be disabled by setting
the IGNORE_CC_MISMATCH environment variable to "1".
However, mixing compiler versions between the kernel
and kernel modules can result in subtle bugs that are
difficult to diagnose.

*** Failed CC version check. Bailing out! ***

make[3]: *** [/var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build/Kbuild:207: cc_version_check] Error 1
make[2]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common/Makefile:1537: _module_/var/lib/dkms/nvidia-current/418.152.00/build] Error 2
make[2]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-amd64'
make[1]: *** [Makefile:146: sub-make] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-9-common'
make: *** [Makefile:81: modules] Error 2