我有几个实用程序，它们没有自己的目录，只是一个可执行文件。通常我将二进制文件放在 /usr/local/bin 中。我遇到的一个问题是如何管理首选项设置。
一种想法是使用环境变量并要求用户定义此类变量，例如在其 bash.rc 中。然而，我有点不愿意用小程序的各种首选项设置来弄乱 bash.rc。
是否有一个标准（或标准建议）定义了一些适合存储没有自己目录的小型实用程序首选项的位置或方法？
答案1
用于交互式桌面使用的小型实用程序预计将遵循XDG 基目录规范并将其配置文件保存在
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME
或（如果为空或未设置）默认为
$HOME/.config
对于非 GUI 工具来说，情况不太清楚，因为它们可能运行在无头系统或不遵守 XDG/freedesktop 标准的系统上。
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME然而，使用if set 或if not并没有明显的缺点$HOME/.config，而且在任何地方都应该相对不足为奇。
答案2
尽管从历史上看，许多程序都使用 $HOME/.$PROGNAME，但结果是主目录变得有点混乱。现在首选的约定似乎是 $HOME/.config/$PROGNAME （我目前在 ~/.config 中有 173 个点文件，其中大部分是历史文物，在 ~/.config 中有 80 个）。
请注意，两者之间有一个重要的区别配置和优先。前者是系统范围的策略，只能由 root 编辑，而后者应由用户控制。首选项不应存储在 $HOME 之外的任何位置。
答案3
观点
您将实用程序放入其中，/usr/local/bin以便可以合理地/usr/local/etc/{program_name}用于系统范围的设置或$HOME/.{program_name}本地每用户配置
在 shell 脚本中，由于$0包含程序名称，因此这些路径名可以确定"/usr/local/etc/${0##*/}"为"$HOME/.${0##*/}"
答案4
小型实用程序应该在哪里存储它们的首选项？
这是见仁见智的事！
是否有标准（或标准推荐），
您可能会阅读GNU 编码标准然后上级(7)
你应该研究源代码和文档来获取灵感一些开源软件。顺便说一句，约定桀骜与那些不同的是GNU bash和您的登录 shell（通常在 中描述/etc/passwd，请参阅密码(5)）可以改变为chsh(1);我更喜欢使用zsh
灵感的来源可能是现有的 GNU 程序，包括GNU emacs或者海湾合作委员会
当您从源代码编译其中一个时，您将运行一个./configure脚本（由GNU 自动配置）并且该脚本通常接受一些--help 命令。
举个例子，对于 GNU emacs，./configure --help 给出
`configure' configures GNU Emacs 28.0.50 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
Usage: ./configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
To assign environment variables (e.g., CC, CFLAGS...), specify them as
VAR=VALUE. See below for descriptions of some of the useful variables.
Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.
Configuration:
-h, --help display this help and exit
--help=short display options specific to this package
--help=recursive display the short help of all the included packages
-V, --version display version information and exit
-q, --quiet, --silent do not print `checking ...' messages
--cache-file=FILE cache test results in FILE [disabled]
-C, --config-cache alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'
-n, --no-create do not create output files
--srcdir=DIR find the sources in DIR [configure dir or `..']
Installation directories:
--prefix=PREFIX install architecture-independent files in PREFIX
[/usr/local]
--exec-prefix=EPREFIX install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX
[PREFIX]
By default, `make install' will install all the files in
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/lib' etc. You can specify
an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' using `--prefix',
for instance `--prefix=$HOME'.
For better control, use the options below.
Fine tuning of the installation directories:
--bindir=DIR user executables [EPREFIX/bin]
--sbindir=DIR system admin executables [EPREFIX/sbin]
--libexecdir=DIR program executables [EPREFIX/libexec]
--sysconfdir=DIR read-only single-machine data [PREFIX/etc]
--sharedstatedir=DIR modifiable architecture-independent data [PREFIX/com]
--localstatedir=DIR modifiable single-machine data [PREFIX/var]
--runstatedir=DIR modifiable per-process data [LOCALSTATEDIR/run]
--libdir=DIR object code libraries [EPREFIX/lib]
--includedir=DIR C header files [PREFIX/include]
--oldincludedir=DIR C header files for non-gcc [/usr/include]
--datarootdir=DIR read-only arch.-independent data root [PREFIX/share]
--datadir=DIR read-only architecture-independent data [DATAROOTDIR]
--infodir=DIR info documentation [DATAROOTDIR/info]
--localedir=DIR locale-dependent data [DATAROOTDIR/locale]
--mandir=DIR man documentation [DATAROOTDIR/man]
--docdir=DIR documentation root [DATAROOTDIR/doc/emacs]
--htmldir=DIR html documentation [DOCDIR]
--dvidir=DIR dvi documentation [DOCDIR]
--pdfdir=DIR pdf documentation [DOCDIR]
--psdir=DIR ps documentation [DOCDIR]
Program names:
--program-prefix=PREFIX prepend PREFIX to installed program names
--program-suffix=SUFFIX append SUFFIX to installed program names
--program-transform-name=PROGRAM run sed PROGRAM on installed program names
X features:
--x-includes=DIR X include files are in DIR
--x-libraries=DIR X library files are in DIR
System types:
--build=BUILD configure for building on BUILD [guessed]
--host=HOST cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST [BUILD]
Optional Features:
--disable-option-checking ignore unrecognized --enable/--with options
--disable-FEATURE do not include FEATURE (same as --enable-FEATURE=no)
--enable-FEATURE[=ARG] include FEATURE [ARG=yes]
--disable-ns-self-contained
disable self contained build under NeXTstep
--enable-locallisppath=PATH
directories Emacs should search for lisp files
specific to this site
--enable-checking[=LIST]
enable expensive checks. With LIST, enable only
specific categories of checks. Categories are:
all,yes,no. Flags are: stringbytes, stringoverrun,
stringfreelist, structs, glyphs
--enable-profiling build emacs with low-level, gprof profiling support.
Mainly useful for debugging Emacs itself. May not
work on all platforms. Stops profiler.el working.
--enable-autodepend automatically generate dependencies to .h-files.
Requires gcc, enabled if found.
--enable-gtk-deprecation-warnings
Show Gtk+/Gdk deprecation warnings for Gtk+ >= 3.0
--disable-build-details Make the build more deterministic by omitting host
names, time stamps, etc. from the output.
--disable-largefile omit support for large files
--enable-gcc-warnings[=TYPE]
control generation of GCC warnings. The TYPE 'yes'
means to fail if any warnings are issued;
'warn-only' means issue warnings without failing
(default for developer builds); 'no' means disable
warnings (default for non-developer builds).
--enable-check-lisp-object-type
Enable compile time checks for the Lisp_Object data
type, which can catch some bugs during development.
--enable-link-time-optimization
build with link-time optimization (experimental; see
INSTALL)
--disable-silent-rules verbose build output (undo: "make V=0")
--enable-cross-guesses={conservative|risky}
specify policy for cross-compilation guesses
--disable-acl do not support ACLs
Optional Packages:
--with-PACKAGE[=ARG] use PACKAGE [ARG=yes]
--without-PACKAGE do not use PACKAGE (same as --with-PACKAGE=no)
--without-all omit almost all features and build small executable
with minimal dependencies
--with-mailutils rely on GNU Mailutils, so that the --without-pop
through --with-mailhost options are irrelevant; this
is the default if GNU Mailutils is installed
--with-pop Support POP mail retrieval if Emacs movemail is used
(not recommended, as Emacs movemail POP is
insecure). This is the default only on native
MS-Windows.
--with-kerberos support Kerberos-authenticated POP
--with-kerberos5 support Kerberos version 5 authenticated POP
--with-hesiod support Hesiod to get the POP server host
--with-mail-unlink unlink, rather than empty, mail spool after reading
--with-mailhost=HOSTNAME
string giving default POP mail host
--with-sound=VALUE compile with sound support (VALUE one of: yes, alsa,
oss, bsd-ossaudio, no; default yes). Only for
GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, MinGW, Cygwin.
--with-pdumper=VALUE enable pdumper support unconditionally ('yes', 'no',
or 'auto': default 'auto')
--with-unexec=VALUE enable unexec support unconditionally ('yes', 'no',
or 'auto': default 'auto')
--with-dumping=VALUE kind of dumping to use for initial Emacs build
(VALUE one of: pdumper, unexec, none; default
pdumper)
--with-x-toolkit=KIT use an X toolkit (KIT one of: yes or gtk, gtk2,
gtk3, lucid or athena, motif, no)
--with-wide-int prefer wide Emacs integers (typically 62-bit); on
32-bit hosts, this allows buffer and string size up
to 2GB, at the cost of 10% to 30% slowdown of Lisp
interpreter and larger memory footprint
--without-xpm don't compile with XPM image support
--without-jpeg don't compile with JPEG image support
--without-tiff don't compile with TIFF image support
--without-gif don't compile with GIF image support
--without-png don't compile with PNG image support
--without-rsvg don't compile with SVG image support
--without-lcms2 don't compile with Little CMS support
--without-libsystemd don't compile with libsystemd support
--without-cairo don't compile with Cairo drawing
--without-xml2 don't compile with XML parsing support
--with-imagemagick compile with ImageMagick image support
--without-native-image-api
don't use native image APIs (GDI+ on Windows)
--with-json compile with native JSON support
--without-xft don't use XFT for anti aliased fonts
--without-harfbuzz don't use HarfBuzz for text shaping
--without-libotf don't use libotf for OpenType font support
--without-m17n-flt don't use m17n-flt for text shaping
--without-toolkit-scroll-bars
don't use Motif/Xaw3d/GTK toolkit scroll bars
--without-xaw3d don't use Xaw3d
--without-xim at runtime, default X11 XIM to off
--without-xdbe don't use X11 double buffering support
--with-ns use Nextstep (macOS Cocoa or GNUstep) windowing
system. On by default on macOS.
--with-w32 use native MS Windows GUI in a Cygwin build
--without-gpm don't use -lgpm for mouse support on a GNU/Linux
console
--without-dbus don't compile with D-Bus support
--with-gconf compile with Gconf support (Gsettings replaces this)
--without-gsettings don't compile with GSettings support
--without-selinux don't compile with SELinux support
--without-gnutls don't use -lgnutls for SSL/TLS support
--without-zlib don't compile with zlib decompression support
--without-modules don't compile with dynamic modules support
--without-threads don't compile with elisp threading support
--with-file-notification=LIB
use a file notification library (LIB one of: yes,
inotify, kqueue, gfile, w32, no)
--with-xwidgets enable use of xwidgets in Emacs buffers (requires
gtk3 or macOS Cocoa)
--without-makeinfo don't require makeinfo for building manuals
--without-compress-install
don't compress some files (.el, .info, etc.) when
installing. Equivalent to: make GZIP_PROG= install
--with-gameuser=USER_OR_GROUP
user for shared game score files. An argument
prefixed by ':' specifies a group instead.
--with-gnustep-conf=FILENAME
name of GNUstep configuration file to use on systems
where the command 'gnustep-config' does not work;
default $GNUSTEP_CONFIG_FILE, or
/etc/GNUstep/GNUstep.conf
--with-x use the X Window System
--without-libgmp do not use the GNU Multiple Precision (GMP) library;
this is the default on systems lacking libgmp.
--without-included-regex
don't compile regex; this is the default on systems
with recent-enough versions of the GNU C Library
(use with caution on other systems).
Some influential environment variables:
CC C compiler command
CFLAGS C compiler flags
LDFLAGS linker flags, e.g. -L<lib dir> if you have libraries in a
nonstandard directory <lib dir>
LIBS libraries to pass to the linker, e.g. -l<library>
CPPFLAGS (Objective) C/C++ preprocessor flags, e.g. -I<include dir> if
you have headers in a nonstandard directory <include dir>
CPP C preprocessor
PKG_CONFIG path to pkg-config utility
PKG_CONFIG_PATH
directories to add to pkg-config's search path
PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR
path overriding pkg-config's built-in search path
ALSA_CFLAGS C compiler flags for ALSA, overriding pkg-config
ALSA_LIBS linker flags for ALSA, overriding pkg-config
XMKMF Path to xmkmf, Makefile generator for X Window System
OBJC Objective C compiler command
OBJCFLAGS Objective C compiler flags
RSVG_CFLAGS C compiler flags for RSVG, overriding pkg-config
RSVG_LIBS linker flags for RSVG, overriding pkg-config
IMAGEMAGICK_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for IMAGEMAGICK, overriding pkg-config
IMAGEMAGICK_LIBS
linker flags for IMAGEMAGICK, overriding pkg-config
GTK_CFLAGS C compiler flags for GTK, overriding pkg-config
GTK_LIBS linker flags for GTK, overriding pkg-config
WEBKIT_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for WEBKIT, overriding pkg-config
WEBKIT_LIBS linker flags for WEBKIT, overriding pkg-config
DBUS_CFLAGS C compiler flags for DBUS, overriding pkg-config
DBUS_LIBS linker flags for DBUS, overriding pkg-config
GSETTINGS_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for GSETTINGS, overriding pkg-config
GSETTINGS_LIBS
linker flags for GSETTINGS, overriding pkg-config
GCONF_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for GCONF, overriding pkg-config
GCONF_LIBS linker flags for GCONF, overriding pkg-config
GOBJECT_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for GOBJECT, overriding pkg-config
GOBJECT_LIBS
linker flags for GOBJECT, overriding pkg-config
LIBGNUTLS_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for LIBGNUTLS, overriding pkg-config
LIBGNUTLS_LIBS
linker flags for LIBGNUTLS, overriding pkg-config
LIBSYSTEMD_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for LIBSYSTEMD, overriding pkg-config
LIBSYSTEMD_LIBS
linker flags for LIBSYSTEMD, overriding pkg-config
JSON_CFLAGS C compiler flags for JSON, overriding pkg-config
JSON_LIBS linker flags for JSON, overriding pkg-config
KQUEUE_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for KQUEUE, overriding pkg-config
KQUEUE_LIBS linker flags for KQUEUE, overriding pkg-config
GFILENOTIFY_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for GFILENOTIFY, overriding pkg-config
GFILENOTIFY_LIBS
linker flags for GFILENOTIFY, overriding pkg-config
CAIRO_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for CAIRO, overriding pkg-config
CAIRO_LIBS linker flags for CAIRO, overriding pkg-config
FREETYPE_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for FREETYPE, overriding pkg-config
FREETYPE_LIBS
linker flags for FREETYPE, overriding pkg-config
FONTCONFIG_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for FONTCONFIG, overriding pkg-config
FONTCONFIG_LIBS
linker flags for FONTCONFIG, overriding pkg-config
XFT_CFLAGS C compiler flags for XFT, overriding pkg-config
XFT_LIBS linker flags for XFT, overriding pkg-config
LIBOTF_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for LIBOTF, overriding pkg-config
LIBOTF_LIBS linker flags for LIBOTF, overriding pkg-config
M17N_FLT_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for M17N_FLT, overriding pkg-config
M17N_FLT_LIBS
linker flags for M17N_FLT, overriding pkg-config
HARFBUZZ_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for HARFBUZZ, overriding pkg-config
HARFBUZZ_LIBS
linker flags for HARFBUZZ, overriding pkg-config
LCMS2_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for LCMS2, overriding pkg-config
LCMS2_LIBS linker flags for LCMS2, overriding pkg-config
PNG_CFLAGS C compiler flags for PNG, overriding pkg-config
PNG_LIBS linker flags for PNG, overriding pkg-config
XRANDR_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for XRANDR, overriding pkg-config
XRANDR_LIBS linker flags for XRANDR, overriding pkg-config
XINERAMA_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for XINERAMA, overriding pkg-config
XINERAMA_LIBS
linker flags for XINERAMA, overriding pkg-config
XFIXES_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for XFIXES, overriding pkg-config
XFIXES_LIBS linker flags for XFIXES, overriding pkg-config
LIBXML2_CFLAGS
C compiler flags for LIBXML2, overriding pkg-config
LIBXML2_LIBS
linker flags for LIBXML2, overriding pkg-config
Use these variables to override the choices made by `configure' or to help
it to find libraries and programs with nonstandard names/locations.
Report bugs to <[email protected]>.
GNU Emacs home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/>.
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>.
我经常编译最新的 GNU emacs 快照。我做了：
'./configure' 'CC=gcc-10' 'CFLAGS=-O2 -g' '--program-suffix=-trunk' \
'--prefix=/usr/local' '--sysconfdir=/etc/local'
它保存在config.status生成的文件中。
顺便说一句，要获取您的配置选项海湾合作委员会赶紧跑gcc -v
还可以考虑研究 Linux 的包管理系统
例如德班（或者你最喜欢的 GNU/Linux 发行版），并阅读Linux 从头开始。
另请阅读Linux 文件系统层次结构标准。
在其他 POSIX 或类 Unix 系统（例如 Solaris 或 MacOSX）上，情况是轻微地不同的。
您可以决定通过程序选项传递选项。然后另请参阅这回答。
在我正在编码的几个开源程序中，我还记录了有关环境变量的约定（请参阅环境(7)并使用查询它们获取环境(3)...）并且我经常决定为它们使用一个共同的前缀。所以在参考系统我们当然正在使用的项目（一个开源符号人工智能项目）REFPERSYS_，例如编码getenv("REFPERSYS_HOME")......俾斯蒙（静态分析/软件工程工具，由战车和解码器欧洲项目，请参阅这个草案报告）前缀是BISMON_
对于图形用户界面应用程序，您最喜欢的 GUI 框架（例如Qt或者GTK) 定义自己的偏好。
还考虑在程序中嵌入一些解释器
您可以轻松嵌入卢阿或者GNU 吉勒（或者Python）在用 C 或 C++ 编写的程序中。这些解释器有各自的约定和语法。扩展一些现存的这些脚本语言的高级用户可能会熟悉解释器。
还可以考虑使用插件扩展您的程序。
在 Linux 上，插件是通过以下方式加载的dlopen(3)并通过使用dlsym(3)在用 C 或 C++ 编码的程序中。如果您接受它们，请记录您程序的公共 API。
许多主要的 Linux 程序（特别是火狐浏览器浏览器和 GCC 编译器，还GNU 使或者桀骜） 接受插件。优点是扩展性变得更容易，高级用户不必重新编译一些巨大的开源程序来定制它。另一个优点是速度。然而，学习插件 API 是一项巨大的努力。