我的笔记本电脑的硬盘突然变得非常慢（重新启动后）。
hdparm告诉我缓存和缓冲的读取都在数百 kB/秒的范围内 - 这比我的以太网慢。
另一个磁盘（SSD）仍然相当快（数十到数百MB/秒）。
我不记得对系统配置进行过任何更改。这台机器已经使用了大约 4 年，并且已经被大量使用，因此硬件故障不会异常 - 尽管如此，我很想了解我的磁盘究竟发生了什么，导致速度如此缓慢。
有哪些好方法可以诊断问题并确定是否可以通过软件修复，或者该 HDD 的时代是否已经结束？
iotop显示了一些进程时不时地阻塞写入（最明显的是 chrome），但这有数百 kb - 我希望健康的磁盘不应该能够处理这些- HD 容量为 2 TB，仅占 55%
- 我的机器有 32 GB 内存，在出现问题时基本上没有任何内存在使用。没有发生交换。
- 磁盘已格式化为 ext4
gnome-disks没有显示任何异常并声称“磁盘正常”
任何帮助是极大的赞赏！
编辑
智能控制输出：
smartctl -a
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.11.9-arch1-1] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Barracuda 2.5 5400
Device Model: ST2000LM015-2E8174
Serial Number: WDZ42GC1
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 0a924e67a
Firmware Version: SDM1
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Thu Sep 16 15:34:18 2021 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x71) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 326) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x3035) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 083 064 006 Pre-fail Always - 178015037
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 099 099 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 094 094 020 Old_age Always - 6386
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 079 060 045 Pre-fail Always - 21859995677
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 090 090 000 Old_age Always - 9557 (203 232 0)
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 094 094 020 Old_age Always - 6312
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 099 000 Old_age Always - 2
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 067 050 040 Old_age Always - 33 (Min/Max 24/33)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 81
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 65
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 070 070 000 Old_age Always - 61546
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 033 050 000 Old_age Always - 33 (0 10 0 0 0)
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 9437 (13 80 0)
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 15466926078
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 8392824054
254 Free_Fall_Sensor 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 9553 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
dmesg 输出：
sudo dmesg -t --level=alert,crit,err,warn
MDS CPU bug present and SMT on, data leak possible. See https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/mds.html for more details.
#3
ata3.00: supports DRM functions and may not be fully accessible
ata3.00: supports DRM functions and may not be fully accessible
vboxdrv: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
VBoxNetAdp: Successfully started.
VBoxNetFlt: Successfully started.
r8169 0000:03:00.1: can't disable ASPM; OS doesn't have ASPM control
platform regulatory.0: Direct firmware load for regulatory.db failed with error -2
kauditd_printk_skb: 33 callbacks suppressed
kauditd_printk_skb: 10 callbacks suppressed
kauditd_printk_skb: 146 callbacks suppressed
hdparm -I output
/dev/sda:
ATA device, with non-removable media
Model Number: ST2000LM015-2E8174
Serial Number: WDZ42GC1
Firmware Revision: SDM1
Transport: Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6, SATA Rev 3.0
Standards:
Used: unknown (minor revision code 0x001f)
Supported: 10 9 8 7 6 5
Likely used: 10
Configuration:
Logical max current
cylinders 16383 16383
heads 16 16
sectors/track 63 63
--
CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064
LBA user addressable sectors: 268435455
LBA48 user addressable sectors: 3907029168
Logical Sector size: 512 bytes
Physical Sector size: 4096 bytes
Logical Sector-0 offset: 0 bytes
device size with M = 1024*1024: 1907729 MBytes
device size with M = 1000*1000: 2000398 MBytes (2000 GB)
cache/buffer size = unknown
Form Factor: 2.5 inch
Nominal Media Rotation Rate: 5400
Capabilities:
LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
Queue depth: 32
Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 16
Advanced power management level: 128
Recommended acoustic management value: 208, current value: 208
DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
Enabled Supported:
* SMART feature set
Security Mode feature set
* Power Management feature set
* Write cache
* Look-ahead
* Host Protected Area feature set
* WRITE_BUFFER command
* READ_BUFFER command
* NOP cmd
* DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
* Advanced Power Management feature set
Power-Up In Standby feature set
* SET_FEATURES required to spinup after power up
SET_MAX security extension
* 48-bit Address feature set
* Device Configuration Overlay feature set
* Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
* FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
* SMART error logging
* SMART self-test
* General Purpose Logging feature set
* WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
* 64-bit World wide name
* IDLE_IMMEDIATE with UNLOAD
Write-Read-Verify feature set
* WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
* {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
* Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
* Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
* Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
* Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
* Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
* Host-initiated interface power management
* Phy event counters
* Idle-Unload when NCQ is active
* READ_LOG_DMA_EXT equivalent to READ_LOG_EXT
* DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization
* Device-initiated interface power management
Asynchronous notification (eg. media change)
* Software settings preservation
* SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set
* SCT Write Same (AC2)
* SCT Features Control (AC4)
* SCT Data Tables (AC5)
unknown 206[12] (vendor specific)
unknown 206[13] (vendor specific)
* DOWNLOAD MICROCODE DMA command
Security:
Master password revision code = 65534
supported
not enabled
not locked
not frozen
not expired: security count
supported: enhanced erase
326min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 326min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT.
Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 5000c500a924e67a
NAA : 5
IEEE OUI : 000c50
Unique ID : 0a924e67a
Checksum: correct