在对我的 Debian Sid 工作站进行例行升级/重启后，我完全失去了音频。
我的桌面（如果重要的话）是 Cinnamon（gnome 衍生品），添加了几个部分，几乎全部直接来自 Debian 档案（我从源代码安装了一些东西，但它们应该与声音完全无关）。
声音设置只看到一个“虚拟输出”，这说明没有声音可用
我实际上有两个声卡，都正确显示（至少我认为没有问题）：
mcon@cinderella:~$ aplay -l
**** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices ****
card 1: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 0: ALC887-VD Analog [ALC887-VD Analog]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 1: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 1: ALC887-VD Digital [ALC887-VD Digital]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 2: HDMI [HDA ATI HDMI], device 3: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 2: HDMI [HDA ATI HDMI], device 7: HDMI 1 [HDMI 1]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 2: HDMI [HDA ATI HDMI], device 8: HDMI 2 [HDMI 2]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 2: HDMI [HDA ATI HDMI], device 9: HDMI 3 [SAMSUNG]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 2: HDMI [HDA ATI HDMI], device 10: HDMI 4 [HDMI 4]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 2: HDMI [HDA ATI HDMI], device 11: HDMI 5 [HDMI 5]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
mcon@cinderella:~$ lspci -knn
00:00.0 Host bridge [0600]: Intel Corporation 8th Gen Core Processor Host Bridge/DRAM Registers [8086:3ec2] (rev 07)
DeviceName: Onboard - Other
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 8th Gen Core Processor Host Bridge/DRAM Registers [1458:5000]
Kernel driver in use: skl_uncore
Kernel modules: ie31200_edac
00:01.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 6th-10th Gen Core Processor PCIe Controller (x16) [8086:1901] (rev 07)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 6th-10th Gen Core Processor PCIe Controller (x16) [1458:5000]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:08.0 System peripheral [0880]: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v5/v6 / E3-1500 v5 / 6th/7th/8th Gen Core Processor Gaussian Mixture Model [8086:1911]
DeviceName: Onboard - Other
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd Xeon E3-1200 v5/v6 / E3-1500 v5 / 6th/7th/8th Gen Core Processor Gaussian Mixture Model [1458:5000]
00:14.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 200 Series/Z370 Chipset Family USB 3.0 xHCI Controller [8086:a2af]
DeviceName: Onboard - Other
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series/Z370 Chipset Family USB 3.0 xHCI Controller [1458:5007]
Kernel driver in use: xhci_hcd
Kernel modules: xhci_pci
00:16.0 Communication controller [0780]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH CSME HECI #1 [8086:a2ba]
DeviceName: Onboard - Other
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH CSME HECI [1458:1c3a]
Kernel driver in use: mei_me
Kernel modules: mei_me
00:17.0 SATA controller [0106]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH SATA controller [AHCI mode] [8086:a282]
DeviceName: Onboard - SATA
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH SATA controller [AHCI mode] [1458:b005]
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
00:1b.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #17 [8086:a2e7] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1b.2 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #19 [8086:a2e9] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1b.3 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #20 [8086:a2ea] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1b.4 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #21 [8086:a2eb] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1c.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #1 [8086:a290] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1c.2 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #3 [8086:a292] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1c.3 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #4 [8086:a293] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1c.4 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #5 [8086:a294] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1d.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port #9 [8086:a298] (rev f0)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH PCI Express Root Port [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1f.0 ISA bridge [0601]: Intel Corporation Z370 Chipset LPC/eSPI Controller [8086:a2c9]
DeviceName: Onboard - Other
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd Z370 Chipset LPC/eSPI Controller [1458:5001]
00:1f.2 Memory controller [0580]: Intel Corporation 200 Series/Z370 Chipset Family Power Management Controller [8086:a2a1]
DeviceName: Onboard - Other
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series/Z370 Chipset Family Power Management Controller [1458:5001]
00:1f.3 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation 200 Series PCH HD Audio [8086:a2f0]
DeviceName: Onboard - Sound
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series PCH HD Audio [1458:a182]
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
00:1f.4 SMBus [0c05]: Intel Corporation 200 Series/Z370 Chipset Family SMBus Controller [8086:a2a3]
DeviceName: Onboard - Other
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 200 Series/Z370 Chipset Family SMBus Controller [1458:5001]
Kernel driver in use: i801_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_i801
01:00.0 SATA controller [0106]: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88SE9215 PCIe 2.0 x1 4-port SATA 6 Gb/s Controller [1b4b:9215] (rev 11)
Subsystem: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88SE9215 PCIe 2.0 x1 4-port SATA 6 Gb/s Controller [1b4b:9215]
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
04:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Intel Corporation Wireless 3160 [8086:08b3] (rev 6b)
Subsystem: Intel Corporation Dual Band Wireless-AC 3160 [8086:0070]
Kernel driver in use: iwlwifi
Kernel modules: iwlwifi
07:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller [10ec:8168] (rev 0c)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd Onboard Ethernet [1458:e000]
Kernel driver in use: r8169
Kernel modules: r8169
09:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Ellesmere [Radeon RX 470/480/570/570X/580/580X/590] [1002:67df] (rev e7)
Subsystem: XFX Pine Group Inc. Radeon RX 580 [1682:c580]
Kernel driver in use: amdgpu
Kernel modules: amdgpu
09:00.1 Audio device [0403]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Ellesmere HDMI Audio [Radeon RX 470/480 / 570/580/590] [1002:aaf0]
Subsystem: XFX Pine Group Inc. Ellesmere HDMI Audio [Radeon RX 470/480 / 570/580/590] [1682:aaf0]
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
mcon@cinderella:~$
我还有一个（工作的）网络摄像头，应该提供音频输入，但根本看不到：
所有驱动程序/固件似乎都已正确安装。
我应该检查什么？
更新：我还可以连接（配对和信任）外部蓝牙设备（耳机），但它不会被视为附加音频设备。
ALSA/pulseaudio 似乎与底层硬件完全脱节了。
更新2：发出systemctl --user restart pulseaudio.service“解决”问题，但它会在下次重新启动时恢复。
我没有更改我的设置中的任何内容，但/usr/lib/systemd/user/pulseaudio.service似乎是最近的（9 月 22 日 21:00），并且可能已在最新的apt upgrade.
更新3： 看来pulseaudio 无法在注销/登录后继续存在。登录后我有：
mcon@cinderella:~$ systemctl --user status pulseaudio.service
○ pulseaudio.service - Sound Service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/user/pulseaudio.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
TriggeredBy: ○ pulseaudio.socket
Oct 10 12:25:16 cinderella systemd[4171]: Starting Sound Service...
Oct 10 12:25:16 cinderella pulseaudio[168659]: Stale PID file, overwriting.
Oct 10 12:25:18 cinderella systemd[4171]: Started Sound Service.
Oct 10 12:25:18 cinderella pulseaudio[168659]: Could not find org.bluez.BatteryProviderManager1.RegisterBatteryProvider(), is bluetoothd started with experimental features enabled (-E flag)?
Oct 10 21:13:26 cinderella systemd[4171]: pulseaudio.service: Consumed 1min 48.247s CPU time.
mcon@cinderella:~$
但我可以做：
mcon@cinderella:~$ systemctl --user start pulseaudio.service
mcon@cinderella:~$ systemctl --user status pulseaudio.service
● pulseaudio.service - Sound Service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/user/pulseaudio.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-10-10 22:45:02 CEST; 3s ago
TriggeredBy: ● pulseaudio.socket
Main PID: 627764 (pulseaudio)
Tasks: 4 (limit: 38373)
Memory: 12.9M
CPU: 315ms
CGroup: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/[email protected]/session.slice/pulseaudio.service
└─627764 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no --log-target=journal
Oct 10 22:45:01 cinderella systemd[614646]: Starting Sound Service...
Oct 10 22:45:01 cinderella pulseaudio[627764]: Stale PID file, overwriting.
Oct 10 22:45:02 cinderella systemd[614646]: Started Sound Service.
Oct 10 22:45:02 cinderella pulseaudio[627764]: Could not find org.bluez.BatteryProviderManager1.RegisterBatteryProvider(), is bluetoothd started with experimental features enabled (-E flag)?
mcon@cinderella:~$
...并保持快乐...直到下次登录。