使用 pgfplots 绘制气候图（气候图）

Question

您需要的可以通过设置样式来实现

配置雨轴的非线性变换
计算两个 y 轴的合适（耦合）轴限值
计算两个 y 轴的合适（耦合）单位
需要手动输入来决定两个轴的起始/结束位置。据我从您的用例中了解，此输入包括最低温度和最高降雨量（另一个限制始终是隐式绑定的）。

我得到了以下先进原型：

\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots} 
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.9}

  % The following \pgfplotsset macro defines a *manual* wheather
  % visualization system which couples temperature and rain axis.
  \pgfplotsset{
     rain trafo/.style={
        y coord trafo/.code={%
            \pgfmathparse{##1 > 100 ? 100 + 0.1*(##1 - 100) : ##1}%
        },%
        y coord inv trafo/.code={%
            \pgfmathparse{##1 > 100 ? 100 + 10*(##1 - 100) : ##1}%
        },%
        %
        % configure the allowed tick positions for the rain
        % (UNTRANSFORMED!):
        ytick={0,20,...,100,300,500,...,1000},
     },
     %
     /wheather/temp min/.initial=,
     /wheather/rain max/.initial=,
     %
     % USAGE: \pgfkeys{/wheather/set up={temp min=<min temperature>, rain max=<max rain axis value>}
     % It will set up two styles "temp axis" and "rain axis". These
     % styles will contain suitable axis limits and unit scales.
     /wheather/set up/.code={%
        \pgfkeysalso{/wheather/.cd,#1}%
        %
        % these values are supposed to be given:
        \pgfkeysgetvalue{/wheather/rain max}\rainMax
        \pgfkeysgetvalue{/wheather/temp min}\temperatureMin
        %
        % make sure they are given!
        \ifx\rainMax\empty
            \PackageError{wheather}{Please provide 'rain max=MAX RAIN VALUE IN AXIS'}{}%
        \fi
        \ifx\temperatureMin\empty
            \PackageError{wheather}{Please provide 'temp min=MIN TEMPERATURE VALUE IN AXIS'}{}%
        \fi
        %
        % now, compute the MISSING values. These are rain min and
        % temperature max....
        \begingroup
        % do this in a group such that 'rain trafo' is only applied
        % within the group...
        % 
        % store it - just in case 'y coord trafo' is empty.
        \let\pgfmathresult=\rainMax
        %
        \pgfplotsset{rain trafo,y coord trafo={\rainMax}}%
        \global\let\rainMaxTransformed=\pgfmathresult
        \pgfmathparse{\pgfmathresult /2}%
        \global\let\temperatureMax=\pgfmathresult
        \endgroup
        %
        \pgfmathparse{2*(\pgfkeysvalueof{/wheather/temp min})}%
        \let\rainMin=\pgfmathresult
        %
        % now we want to compute a suitable axis scale for both axes.
        % To this end, we scale them such that they fit into the value
        % of  \axisdefaultheight :
        \pgfmathparse{\axisdefaultheight/(\temperatureMax-\temperatureMin)}%
        \let\temperatureUnit=\pgfmathresult
        %
        \pgfmathparse{\axisdefaultheight/(\rainMaxTransformed-\rainMin)}%
        \let\rainUnit=\pgfmathresult
        %
        % OK, compute the result:
        \pgfplotsset{%
            set layers,
            %
            % this is to be used for the temperature axis:
             temp axis/.style={
                y=\temperatureUnit,
                ymin=\temperatureMin,
                ymax=\temperatureMax,
                %
                % configure the allowed tick positions for a temperature:
                ytick={-40,-30,-20,...,140},
                % ... but only show the *label* for "small"
                % temperatures:
                yticklabel={%
                    \ifdim\tick pt<45pt 
                        \pgfmathprintnumber\tick
                    \fi
                },
                ylabel={Temperature},
                %tick pos=left,% seems to fail for 'axis x line=middle'!?
                %
                % configure the x axis:
                axis x line*=middle,
                xmin=1, xmax=12,
                xtick={1,2,...,12},
                xticklabels={J,F,M,A,M,J,J,A,S,O,N,D},
                x tick label as interval,
                grid=major,
             },
             %
             % ... and this is to be used for the rain axis:
             rain axis/.style={
                y=\rainUnit,
                ymin=\rainMin,
                ymax=\rainMax,
                % this range will be overwritten by 'rain trafo' if it
                % is active:
                ytick={0,20,...,400},
                rain trafo,
                yticklabel style={/pgf/number format/precision=0},
                ylabel={Rain},
                axis y line*=right,
                hide x axis,
                xmin=1, xmax=12,
             },
        }%
     },
  }

\begin{filecontents}{bombay.txt}
#bombay.txt
#M T/°C N/mm
 1 23.9    3
 2 23.9    3
 3 26.1    3
 4 28.1    2
 5 29.7   18
 6 28.9  485
 7 27.2  617
 8 27.0  340
 9 27.0  264
10 28.1   64
11 27.2   13
12 25.6    3
\end{filecontents}

\begin{filecontents}{moskow.txt}
#M T/°C N/mm
 1 -10.9    30
 2 -12.9    23
 3 -6.1    30
 4 3.1    40
 5 6.7   50
 6 15.9  60
 7 20.2  61
 8 22.0  50
 9 17.0  45
10 10.1   20
11 3.2   22
12 -9.6    25
\end{filecontents}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}

  \pgfplotsset{/wheather/set up={temp min=0, rain max=800}}

  \def\filename{bombay.txt}

  \begin{axis}[
        temp axis,
    ]
    \addplot+[red, mark=none] table [x index=0, y index=1] {\filename};
  \end{axis}
    \begin{axis}[
        rain axis,
    ]
    \addplot+[blue, mark=none] table [x index=0, y index=2] {\filename};
  \end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}

\begin{tikzpicture}

  \pgfplotsset{
     *clear* the nonlinear rain trafo. We do not want it here:
     rain trafo/.style=,
     /wheather/set up={temp min=-20, rain max=160},
  }

  \def\filename{moskow.txt}

  \begin{axis}[
        temp axis,
    ]
    \addplot+[red, mark=none] table [x index=0, y index=1] {\filename};
  \end{axis}
    \begin{axis}[
        rain axis,
    ]
    \addplot+[blue, mark=none] table [x index=0, y index=2] {\filename};
  \end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

我相信它已经相当不错了，尽管它还剩下几个项目 - 主要是格式和填充路径。

还有一个未解决的问题，实际上是 pgfplots 中的“缺失功能”：只要有人写入axis x line=middle，pgfplots 就不会显示第一个和最后一个刻度标签。对于这个应用程序来说非常不幸。我会把它放在 pgfplots 的待办事项列表中。也许你应该撤消axis x line=middle以解决这个问题。请注意，将 x 个刻度显示为间隔意味着您有 n 个刻度位置的 n-1 个刻度标签。简而言之：您可能需要以某种方式复制 1 月的数据点。

Answer 1