在 R^2 平面上绘制单位圆及一些额外特征

Question

因此，我尝试在 Latex 中复制以下图像。以下是我发现难以实现的：

1. 如何画一个小空心圆圈来表示我们有直角三角形，就像我试图复制的图像一样？
2. 如何像图片一样绘制一个从 x 轴到三角形斜边的红色圆形箭头？
3. 为什么围绕 x 轴的圆是断掉的？

非常感谢你们

\documentclass[11.5pt]{article}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{#1}} %Gets rid of section number in the header%
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage[margin=0.5in]{geometry}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{mathtools}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{bigints}
\usepgfplotslibrary{fillbetween}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\usepackage{fancyheadings}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{blindtext} %% to add dummy text
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table Of Contents}%
\begin{document}
\setlength{\parindent}{0cm}

\pgfplotsset{every axis/.append style={
        axis x line=middle,    % put the x axis in the middle
        axis y line=middle,    % put the y axis in the middle
        axis line style={<->}, % arrows on the axis
        xlabel={$x$},          % default put x on x-axis
        ylabel={$y$},   % default put y on y-axis
        title={$ $},
        ticks=none
    }}
    % arrows as stealth fighters
    \tikzset{>=stealth}
    \begin{center}
        \begin{tikzpicture}
        \begin{axis}[
        xmin=-3,xmax=3,
        ymin=-2.5,ymax=2.5,
        ]
        \node [below] at (axis cs: 0.2, 0) {$O$};
        \node [left] at (axis cs: -1.5, 1.3228) {$P$};
        \node [below] at (axis cs: -0.7, 0) {$x$};
        \node [left] at (axis cs: -1.5, 0.6) {$y$};
        \node [above] at (axis cs: -0.7, 0.7) {$r$};
        \node [right] at (axis cs: 0, 0.2) {$\theta$};
        \plot[thick][samples=200,domain=-2.3:2.3] {sqrt(4-x^2)};    
        \plot[thick][samples=200,domain=-2.3:2.3] {-sqrt(4-x^2)};
        \plot[ultra thick][samples=200,domain=-1.5:0] {0};
        \plot[ultra thick][samples=200,domain=-1.5:0] {-0.881866*x};
        \draw[style=ultra thick](axis cs:-1.5,0) -- (axis cs:-1.5,1.3228);
        \end{axis}
        \end{tikzpicture}
    \end{center}
\end{document}

Answer 1

从头开始

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{angles,patterns,calc}
\begin{document}

\centering

\begin{tikzpicture}
  \tikzset{>=stealth}
  % draw axis and labels. We store a single coordinate to have the
  % direction of the x axis
  \draw[->] (-4,0) -- ++(8,0) coordinate (X) node[below] {$x$};
  \draw[->] (0,-4) -- ++(0,8) node[left] {$y$};

  \newcommand\CircleRadius{3cm}
  \draw (0,0) circle (\CircleRadius);
  % special method of noting the position of a point
  \coordinate (P) at (140:\CircleRadius);

  \draw[very thick,pattern=dots] 
  (0,0) 
  coordinate (O) % store origin
  node[below right] {$O$} % label
  -- 
  node[above left,pos=1] {$P(x,y)$} % some labels
  node[above right,midway] {$r$}
  (P) 
  -- 
  node[midway,left] {$y$}
  (P |- O) coordinate (Px) % projection onto horizontal line through
                           % O, saved for later
  -- 
  node[midway,below] {$x$}
  cycle % closed path
  % pic trick is from the angles library, requires the three points of
  % the marked angle to be named
  pic [draw,red,->,angle radius=1cm,pic text=$\theta$,
  angle eccentricity=1.3] {angle=X--O--P};

  % right angle marker
  \draw ($(Px)+(0.3,0)$) -- ++(0,0.3) -- ++(-0.3,0);
  
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

Answer 2

\documentclass[border=2pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc,patterns,angles,quotes}    
\begin{document}    
\footnotesize

\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth, inner sep=2pt,scale=1.5]
\draw[->] (-1.5,0) --node[below right]{$O$} (1.5,0) coordinate[label=below:$x$](x);
\draw[->] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5) node[left]{$y$};;
\draw (0,0)coordinate(o) circle [radius=1cm];
\coordinate [label={left:$P(x,y)$}] (p) at (135:1);
\coordinate (q) at (p|-o);
\draw[thick,line join=round,pattern=dots] (o)--node[above]{$r$}(p)--node[left]{$y$}(q)--node[below]{$x$}(o)--cycle;
\pic[draw,"$\theta$",angle radius=15pt,angle eccentricity=1.3,->]{angle=x--o--p};
\draw ($(q)+(0.1,0)$) -- ++(0,0.1) -- ++(-0.1,0);
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document} 

Answer 3

另一种解决方案

\documentclass[border={10pt}]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,patterns}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2,>=stealth]

\draw[->,red] (3mm,0mm) arc (0:135:3mm) node[midway,xshift=2mm,yshift=2mm] {$\theta$};
\draw (0,0) circle (1cm);
\draw[fill=green,pattern=dots,pattern color=black!60!green]  
node[below,xshift=2mm]{O} (0,0)  -- node[above,black!60!green]{$r$} (135:1cm) node[left,xshift=2mm,yshift=2mm]{$\textbf{P}(x,y)$} -- node[left,black!60!green]{$y$} +(0,-0.707)  -- node[below,black!60!green]{$x$} (0,0) -- cycle;

\draw[->] (-1.5,0) -- (1.5,0) node[anchor=west]{$x$};
\draw[->] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5) node[anchor=east]{$y$};
\draw (-.607,0) -- +(0,.1) -- +(-.1,0.1);

\end{tikzpicture}


\end{document}