表格顶部对齐*

Question

我搜索了如何做到这一点，花费了难以想象的大量时间，查阅了文档、其他答案和维基页面，但我还是感到很困惑。

我正在编辑一个在网上找到的漂亮简历模板，但在表格中顶部对齐元素时遇到了麻烦。它目前的样子如下：

如果我有一行文本（如编程部分），它对齐得很好。但是一旦有更多文本，它就会出现这种奇怪的对齐方式（实验室技术）。我如何使“实验室技术”与“凝胶电泳”对齐？

这是一个.tex 文件：

% Important note:
% This template must be compiled with XeLaTeX, the below lines will ensure this
% !TEX TS-program = xelatex
% !TEX encoding = UTF-8 Unicode

\documentclass[11pt, a4paper]{minimal} % A4 paper size by default, use 'letterpaper' for US letter

\geometry{left=2cm, top=1.5cm, right=2cm, bottom=2cm, footskip=.5cm} % Configure page margins with geometry

\fontdir[fonts/] % Specify the location of the included fonts

% Color for highlights
\colorlet{awesome}{awesome-darknight} % Default colors include: awesome-emerald, awesome-skyblue, awesome-red, awesome-pink, awesome-orange, awesome-nephritis, awesome-concrete, awesome-darknight
\definecolor{awesome}{HTML}{000000} % Uncomment if you would like to specify your own color

%Colors for text - uncomment and modify
\definecolor{darktext}{HTML}{000000}
\definecolor{text}{HTML}{000000}
\definecolor{graytext}{HTML}{000000}
\definecolor{lighttext}{HTML}{000000}


\begin{document}

\input{cv-sections/skills.tex}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\end{document}

这是 skills.tex 文件：

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%   SECTION TITLE
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\cvsection{Skills}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%   SECTION CONTENT
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{cvskills}

%------------------------------------------------

\cvskill
{Programming} % Category
{Python, C/C++, Java } % Skills

%------------------------------------------------



\cvskill
{Lab Techniques}
{Gel electrophoresis, PCR, primer design, restriction digestion, DNA ligation, Golden Gate assembly, Gibson assembly, genomic and plasmid purification, DNA quantification, SDS-PAGE, western blotting, cell transformation, batch-fed fermentation, HPLC, directed evolution, FRET, fluorescence microscopy}
%------------------------------------------------



\end{cvskills}

这是 .cls 文件，相关部分（我认为）位于底部：

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Identification
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\ProvidesClass{awesome-cv}[2015/12/14 v1.3 Awesome Curriculum Vitae Class]
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Class options
%
% (need to be done before the external package loading, for example because
% we need \paperwidth, \paperheight and \@ptsize to be defined before loading
% geometry and fancyhdr)
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Options for draft or final
\DeclareOption{draft}{\setlength\overfullrule{5pt}}
\DeclareOption{final}{\setlength\overfullrule{0pt}}
% Inherit options of article
\DeclareOption*{%
  \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}
}
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{article}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                3rd party packages
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Needed to make fixed length table
\RequirePackage{array}
% Needed to handle list environment
\RequirePackage{enumitem}
% Needed to handle text alignment
\RequirePackage{ragged2e}
% Needed to configure page layout
\RequirePackage{geometry}
% Needed to make header & footer effeciently
\RequirePackage{fancyhdr}
% Needed to manage colors
\RequirePackage{xcolor}
% Needed to use \ifxetex-\else-\fi statement
\RequirePackage{ifxetex}
% Needed to use \if-\then-\else statement
\RequirePackage{xifthen}
% Needed to use a toolbox of programming tools
\RequirePackage{etoolbox}
% Needed to change line spacing in specific environment
\RequirePackage{setspace}
% Needed to manage fonts
\RequirePackage[quiet]{fontspec}
% To support LaTeX quoting style
\defaultfontfeatures{Ligatures=TeX}
% Needed to manage math fonts
\RequirePackage[math-style=TeX,vargreek-shape=unicode]{unicode-math}
% Needed to use icons from font-awesome
% (https://github.com/posquit0/latex-fontawesome)
\RequirePackage{fontawesome}
% Needed to deal a paragraphs
\RequirePackage{parskip}
% Needed to deal hyperlink
\RequirePackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{%
  pdftitle={},
  pdfauthor={},
  pdfsubject={},
  pdfkeywords={}
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Configuration for directory locations
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Configure a directory location for fonts(default: 'fonts/')
\newcommand*{\fontdir}[1][fonts/]{\def\@fontdir{#1}}
\fontdir


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Configuration for layout
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%% Page Layout
% Configure page margins with geometry
\geometry{left=2.0cm, top=1.5cm, right=2.0cm, bottom=2.0cm, footskip=.5cm}

%% Header & Footer
% Set offset to each header and footer
\fancyhfoffset{0em}
% Remove head rule
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
% Clear all header & footer fields
\fancyhf{}
% Enable if you want to make header or footer using fancyhdr
\pagestyle{fancy}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Configuration for colors
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Gray-scale colors
\definecolor{white}{HTML}{FFFFFF}
\definecolor{black}{HTML}{000000}
\definecolor{darkgray}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{gray}{HTML}{5D5D5D}
\definecolor{lightgray}{HTML}{999999}
% Basic colors
\definecolor{green}{HTML}{C2E15F}
\definecolor{orange}{HTML}{FDA333}
\definecolor{purple}{HTML}{D3A4F9}
\definecolor{red}{HTML}{FB4485}
\definecolor{blue}{HTML}{6CE0F1}
% Text colors
\definecolor{darktext}{HTML}{414141}
\colorlet{text}{darkgray}
\colorlet{graytext}{gray}
\colorlet{lighttext}{lightgray}
% Awesome colors
\definecolor{awesome-emerald}{HTML}{00A388}
\definecolor{awesome-skyblue}{HTML}{0395DE}
\definecolor{awesome-red}{HTML}{DC3522}
\definecolor{awesome-pink}{HTML}{EF4089}
\definecolor{awesome-orange}{HTML}{FF6138}
\definecolor{awesome-nephritis}{HTML}{27AE60}
\definecolor{awesome-concrete}{HTML}{95A5A6}
\definecolor{awesome-darknight}{HTML}{131A28}
\colorlet{awesome}{awesome-red}

% Awesome section color
\newcounter{colorCounter}
\def\@sectioncolor#1#2#3{%
  {%
    \color{%
      \ifcase\value{colorCounter}%
        awesome\or%
        awesome\or%
        awesome\or%
        awesome\or%
        awesome\else%
        awesome\fi%
    } #1#2#3%
  }%
  \stepcounter{colorCounter}%
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Configuration for fonts
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Set font for header (default is Roboto)
\newfontfamily\headerfont[
  Path=\@fontdir,
  UprightFont=*-Regular,
  ItalicFont=*-Italic,
  BoldFont=*-Bold,
  BoldItalicFont=*-BoldItalic,
]{Roboto}

\newfontfamily\headerfontlight[
  Path=\@fontdir,
  UprightFont=*-Thin,
  ItalicFont=*-ThinItalic,
  BoldFont=*-Medium,
  BoldItalicFont=*-MediumItalic,
]{Roboto}

% Set font for footer (default is Source Sans Pro)
\newfontfamily\footerfont[
  Path=\@fontdir,
  UprightFont=*-Regular,
  ItalicFont=*-It,
  BoldFont=*-Bold
]{SourceSansPro}

% Set font for body (default is Source Sans Pro)
\newfontfamily\bodyfont[
  Path=\@fontdir,
  UprightFont=*-Regular,
  ItalicFont=*-It,
  BoldFont=*-Bold,
  BoldItalicFont=*-BoldIt
]{SourceSansPro}

\newfontfamily\bodyfontlight[
  Path=\@fontdir,
  UprightFont=*-Light,
  ItalicFont=*-LightIt,
  BoldFont=*-Semibold,
  BoldItalicFont=*-SemiboldIt
]{SourceSansPro}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Configuration for styles
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Configure styles for each CV elements
% For fundamental structures
\newcommand*{\headerfirstnamestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{32pt}{1em}\headerfontlight\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\headerlastnamestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{32pt}{1em}\headerfont\bfseries\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\headerpositionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{7.6pt}{1em}\bodyfont\scshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\headeraddressstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{8pt}{1em}\headerfont\itshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\headersocialstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{6.8pt}{1em}\headerfont\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\headerquotestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\itshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\footerstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{8pt}{1em}\footerfont\scshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\sectionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{16pt}{1em}\bodyfont\bfseries\color{black}\@sectioncolor #1}}
\newcommand*{\subsectionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{12pt}{1em}\bodyfont\scshape\textcolor{black}{#1}}}
\newcommand*{\paragraphstyle}{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\upshape\color{black}}

% For elements of entry
\newcommand*{\entrytitlestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{10pt}{1em}\bodyfont\bfseries\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\entrypositionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{10pt}{1em}\bodyfont\scshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\entrydatestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{8pt}{1em}\bodyfont\slshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\entrylocationstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\slshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\descriptionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\upshape\color{black} #1}}

% For elements of subentry
\newcommand*{\subentrytitlestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{8pt}{1em}\bodyfont\mdseries\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\subentrypositionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{7pt}{1em}\bodyfont\scshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\subentrydatestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{7pt}{1em}\bodyfont\slshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\subentrylocationstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{7pt}{1em}\bodyfont\slshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\subdescriptionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{8pt}{1em}\bodyfont\upshape\color{black} #1}}

% For elements of honor
\newcommand*{\honortitlestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\honorpositionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\bfseries\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\honordatestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\honorlocationstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\slshape\color{black} #1}}

% For elements of skill
\newcommand*{\skilltypestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{10pt}{1em}\bodyfont\bfseries\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\skillsetstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\color{black} #1}}

% For elements of the cover letter
\newcommand*{\lettersectionstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{14pt}{1em}\bodyfont\bfseries\color{text}\@sectioncolor #1}}
\newcommand*{\recipientaddressstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\scshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\recipienttitlestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{11pt}{1em}\bodyfont\bfseries\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\lettertitlestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{10pt}{1em}\bodyfont\bfseries\color{black} \underline{#1}}}
\newcommand*{\letterdatestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\slshape\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\lettertextstyle}{\fontsize{10pt}{1.4em}\bodyfont\upshape\color{black}}
\newcommand*{\letternamestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{10pt}{1em}\bodyfont\bfseries\color{black} #1}}
\newcommand*{\letterenclosurestyle}[1]{{\fontsize{10pt}{1em}\bodyfont\slshape\color{black} #1}}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Commands for personal information
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Define writer's name
% Usage: \name{<firstname>}{<lastname>}
% Usage: \firstname{<firstname>}
% Usage: \lastname{<lastname>}
% Usage: \familyname{<familyname>}
\newcommand*{\name}[2]{\def\@firstname{#1}\def\@lastname{#2}}
\newcommand*{\firstname}[1]{\def\@firstname{#1}}
\newcommand*{\lastname}[1]{\def\@lastname{#1}}
\newcommand*{\familyname}[1]{\def\@lastname{#1}}
\def\@familyname{\@lastname}

% Define writer's address
% Usage: \address{<address>}
\newcommand*{\address}[1]{\def\@address{#1}}

% Define writer's position
% Usage: \name{<position>}
\newcommand*{\position}[1]{\def\@position{#1}}

% Defines writer's mobile (optional)
% Usage: \mobile{<mobile number>}
\newcommand*{\mobile}[1]{\def\@mobile{#1}}

% Defines writer's email (optional)
% Usage: \email{<email adress>}
\newcommand*{\email}[1]{\def\@email{#1}}

% Defines writer's homepage (optional)
% Usage: \homepage{<url>}
\newcommand*{\homepage}[1]{\def\@homepage{#1}}

% Defines writer's github (optional)
% Usage: \github{<github-nick>}
\newcommand*{\github}[1]{\def\@github{#1}}

% Defines writer's linked-in (optional)
% Usage: \linkedin{<linked-in-nick>}
\newcommand*{\linkedin}[1]{\def\@linkedin{#1}}

% Defines writer's stackoverflow profile (optional)
% Usage: \stackoverflow{<so userid>}{<so username>}
%   e.g.https://stackoverflow.com/users/123456/sam-smith
%       would be \stackoverflow{123456}{sam-smith}
\newcommand*{\stackoverflow}[2]{\def\@stackoverflowid{#1}\def\@stackoverflowname{#2}}

% Defines writer's skype (optional)
% Usage: \skype{<skype account>}
\newcommand*{\skype}[1]{\def\@skype{#1}}

% Defines writer's twitter (optional)
% Usage: \twitter{<twitter handle>}
\newcommand*{\twitter}[1]{\def\@twitter{#1}}

% Defines writer's quote (optional)
% Usage: \quote{<quote>}
\renewcommand*{\quote}[1]{\def\@quote{#1}}

% Defines recipient's information (cover letter only)
% Usage: \recipient{<recipient name>}{<recipient address>}
% Usage: \recipientname{<recipient name>}
% Usage: \recipientaddress{<recipient address>}
\newcommand*{\recipient}[2]{\def\@recipientname{#1}\def\@recipientaddress{#2}}
\newcommand*{\recipientname}[1]{\def\@recipientname{#1}}
\newcommand*{\recipientaddress}[1]{\def\@recipientaddress{#1}}

% Defines the title for letter (cover letter only, optional)
% Usage: \lettertitle{<title>}
\newcommand*{\lettertitle}[1]{\def\@lettertitle{#1}}

% Defines the date for letter (cover letter only)
% Usage: \letterdate{<date>}
\newcommand*{\letterdate}[1]{\def\@letterdate{#1}}

% Defines a message of opening for letter (cover letter only)
% Usage: \letteropening{<message>}
\newcommand*{\letteropening}[1]{\def\@letteropening{#1}}

% Defines a message of closing for letter (cover letter only)
% Usage: \letterclosing{<message>}
\newcommand*{\letterclosing}[1]{\def\@letterclosing{#1}}

% Defines an enclosure for letter (cover letter only, optional)
% Usage: \letterenclosure[<enclosure name>]{<enclosure>}
\newcommand*{\letterenclname}[1][Enclosure]{\def\@letterenclname{#1}}
\newcommand*{\letterenclosure}[2][]{%
  % if an optional argument is provided, use it to redefine \enclname
  \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{}{\def\@letterenclname{#1}}
  \def\@letterenclosure{#2}
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Commands for extra
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Define helper macros a user can change easily in header
\newcommand{\acvHeaderNameDelim}{\space}
\newcommand{\acvHeaderAfterNameSkip}{.4mm}
\newcommand{\acvHeaderAfterPositionSkip}{.4mm}
\newcommand{\acvHeaderAfterAddressSkip}{-.5mm}
\newcommand{\acvHeaderIconSep}{\space}
\newcommand{\acvHeaderSocialSep}{\quad\textbar\quad}
\newcommand{\acvHeaderAfterSocialSkip}{6mm}
\newcommand{\acvHeaderAfterQuoteSkip}{5mm}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Commands for utilities
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Use to align an element of tabular table
\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\centering\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{>{\raggedleft\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}}

% Use to draw horizontal line with specific thickness
\def\vhrulefill#1{\leavevmode\leaders\hrule\@height#1\hfill \kern\z@}

% Use to execute conditional statements by checking empty string
\newcommand*{\ifempty}[3]{\ifthenelse{\isempty{#1}}{#2}{#3}}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%                Commands for elements of CV structure
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% Define a section for CV
% Usage: \cvsection{<section-title>}
\newcommand{\cvsection}[1]{%
  \par\addvspace{1.5ex}
  \phantomsection{}
  \sectionstyle{#1}
  \color{gray}\vhrulefill{0.9pt}
  \par\nobreak\addvspace{1ex}
}

% Define a subsection for CV
% Usage: \cvsubsection{<subsection-title>}
\newcommand{\cvsubsection}[1]{%
  \phantomsection{}
  \subsectionstyle{#1}
}

% Define a paragraph for CV
\newenvironment{cvparagraph}{%
  \vspace{-3mm}
  \paragraphstyle
}{%
  \vspace{1mm}
}


% Define an environment for cventry
\newenvironment{cventries}{%
  \begin{center}
}{%
  \end{center}
}
% Define an entry of cv information
% Usage: \cventry{<position>}{<title>}{<location>}{<date>}{<description>}
\newcommand*{\cventry}[5]{%
  \setlength\tabcolsep{0pt}
  \setlength{\extrarowheight}{0pt}
  \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} L{\textwidth - 4.5cm} R{4.5cm}}
    \ifempty{#2#3}
      {\entrypositionstyle{#1} & \entrydatestyle{#4} \\}
      {\entrytitlestyle{#2} & \entrylocationstyle{#3} \\
      \entrypositionstyle{#1} & \entrydatestyle{#4} \\}
    \multicolumn{2}{L{\textwidth}}{\descriptionstyle{#5}} \\
  \end{tabular*}
}

% Define an environment for cvsubentry
\newenvironment{cvsubentries}{%
  \begin{center}
}{%
  \end{center}
}
% Define a subentry of cv information
% Usage: \cvsubentry{<position>}{<title>}{<date>}{<description>}
\newcommand*{\cvsubentry}[4]{%
  \setlength\tabcolsep{0pt}
  \setlength{\extrarowheight}{0pt}
  \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} L{\textwidth - 4.5cm} R{4.5cm}}
    \setlength\leftskip{0.2cm}
    \subentrytitlestyle{#2} & \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}
      {\subentrydatestyle{#3}}{} 
    \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}
      {}
      {\subentrypositionstyle{#1} & \subentrydatestyle{#3} \\}
    \ifthenelse{\equal{#4}{}}
      {}
      {\multicolumn{2}{L{17.0cm}}{\subdescriptionstyle{#4}} \\}
  \end{tabular*}
}

% Define an environment for cvhonor
\newenvironment{cvhonors}{%
  \begin{center}
    \setlength\tabcolsep{0pt}
    \setlength{\extrarowheight}{0pt}
    \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} C{1.5cm} L{\textwidth - 4.0cm} R{2.5cm}}
}{%
    \end{tabular*}
  \end{center}
}
% Define a line of cv information(honor, award or something else)
% Usage: \cvhonor{<position>}{<title>}{<location>}{<date>}
\newcommand*{\cvhonor}[4]{%
  \honordatestyle{#4} & \honorpositionstyle{#1}, \honortitlestyle{#2} & \honorlocationstyle{#3} \\
}

% Define an environment for cvskill
\newenvironment{cvskills}{%
  \begin{center}
    \setlength\tabcolsep{1ex}
    \setlength{\extrarowheight}{0ex}
    \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} r L{\textwidth * \real{0.85}} }
}{%
    \end{tabular*}
  \end{center}
}


% Define a line of cv information(skill)
% Usage: \cvskill{<type>}{<skillset>}
\newcommand*{\cvskill}[2]{%
    \skilltypestyle{#1} & \skillsetstyle{#2} \\
}

我首先想到的是 - Wikibooks 告诉我“L”参数用于 Tabulary 环境，但它似乎在这里与 tabular* 一起使用，为什么？（我在 .cls 文件中按 control+F 选中“tabulary”，什么也没出现）

据我所知，对齐由“r”（右对齐）和 L（左对齐）负责。我尝试使用 [t]，但可能我做得不对。

如果您能提供帮助我将非常感激。

编辑：我已上传了完整的 Latex 代码，它将产生我遇到的问题。第 459 行底部显示：

    \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} r L{\textwidth * \real{0.85}} }

一位评论者建议我尝试用“p”替换“L”——这让我更接近了，但它似乎与文本的底部而不是顶部对齐：

\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} r p{\textwidth * \real{0.85}} }

Answer 1

你有

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}}

指定列的L参考点位于其中心，如果定义是

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}p{#1}}

参考点位于第一条线的基线上。

您还需要修复

\newcommand*{\skillsetstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\color{black} #1}}

到

\newcommand*{\skillsetstyle}[1]{{\fontsize{9pt}{1em}\bodyfont\leavevmode\color{black} #1}}

一般来说，从一个可理解的模板（例如标准article类）开始并添加所需内容要比从一组庞大且仅部分记录的代码开始并尝试调试和修复它要简单得多。