Tikz 中的复杂线图

Question

我想要制作下图Tikz-

我无法完全做到这一点，因为单独定位每个节点非常耗时。我认为可能有一些聪明的方法来完成同样的工作。请参阅下面的代码-

\documentclass[tikz,border=2pt]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric, arrows}

\tikzset{
    box/.style = {draw, rectangle, rounded corners, minimum width=1.1cm, minimum height=4cm},
    cir/.style = {draw, circle, minimum width=0.5cm, text centered},
    arr/.style = {-}
}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \node (box11) [box] {};
    \node (cir11) [cir,below of=box11,yshift=+2cm] {O$_1$};
    \node (cir12) [cir,below of=cir11,yshift=-1cm] {O$_k$};

    \node (box21) [box,right of=box11,xshift=+2cm] {};
    \node (cir21) [cir,below of=box21,yshift=+2cm] {h$_1$};
    \node (cir22) [cir,below of=cir21,yshift=-1cm] {h$_n$};

    \node (box31) [box,right of=box21,xshift=+2cm] {};
    \node (cir31) [cir,below of=box31,yshift=+2cm] {h$_1$};
    \node (cir32) [cir,below of=cir31,yshift=-1cm] {h$_n$};

    \node (box41) [box,right of=box31,xshift=+2cm] {};
    \node (cir41) [cir,below of=box41,yshift=+2cm] {u$_1$};
    \node (cir42) [cir,below of=cir41,yshift=-1cm] {u$_m$};

    \draw [arr] (box11) -- (box21);
    \draw [arr] (box21) -- (box31);
    \draw [arr] (box31) -- (box41);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

以下是生成的 PDF 的屏幕截图-

请帮忙。

Answer 1

要制作点，可以通过 轻松管理decorations，特别是decorations.markings。我制作了一种装饰路径的样式，如下所示。您当前定位所有内容的方式是实用的，但您可以（应该）使用库positioning，因为它使代码更简洁，更容易理解。您还可以使用宏来定义常见尺寸（例如方框分隔和圆形分隔……）。

我相信你遇到的困难是一堆相互连接的线条，Ti 中有一些例子钾Z 手册下指定图表看起来像那个图，这样就可以使用这个功能了。我在这里假设线条是（或可能）均匀分布的（在垂直方向上），尽管所呈现的图形看起来并不均匀。为此，我利用了操作let来计算和的大小branch。如果它们是grow\graph不是应该均匀分布，而不是手动指定，但是可通过语句自动连接\foreach。

\documentclass[tikz,border=2pt]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric, arrows, graphs, graphs.standard, positioning, decorations.markings, calc}

\tikzset{
    box/.style = {draw, rectangle, rounded corners, minimum width=1.1cm, minimum height=4cm, outer sep=2mm},
    cir/.style = {draw, circle, minimum size=.75cm, align=center, outer sep=2mm, inner sep=0.2em},
    arr/.style = {-},
    shorten/.style = {shorten <=#1, shorten >=#1},
    dots/.style= {decoration={markings, mark= between positions 0 and 1 step 2mm with {\fill circle (0.75mm);}},decorate}
}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \def\circlesep{2mm}
    \def\boxsep{2cm}
    \node (box11) [box] {};
    \node (cir11) [cir,below=\circlesep] at (box11.north) {O$_1$};
    \node (cir12) [cir,above=\circlesep] at (box11.south) {O$_k$};
    \draw[dots] (cir11) -- (cir12);

    \node (box21) [box,right=\boxsep of box11] {};
    \node (cir21) [cir,below=\circlesep] at (box21.north) {h$_1$};
    \node (cir22) [cir,above=\circlesep] at (box21.south) {h$_n$};
    \draw[dots] (cir21) -- (cir22);

    \node (box31) [box,right=\boxsep of box21] {};
    \node (cir31) [cir,below=\circlesep] at (box31.north) {h$_1$};
    \node (cir32) [cir,above=\circlesep] at (box31.south) {h$_n$};
    \draw[dots] (cir31) -- (cir32);

    \node (box41) [box,right=\boxsep of box31] {};
    \node (cir41) [cir,below=\circlesep] at (box41.north)  {u$_1$};
    \node (cir42) [cir,above=\circlesep] at (box41.south) {u$_m$};
    \draw[dots] (cir41) -- (cir42);

    \draw[dots] (cir21.east -| box21.east) -- (cir31.west -| box31.west);
    \draw[dots] (box21.east) -- (box31.west);
    \draw[dots] (cir22.east -| box21.east) -- (cir32.west -| box31.west);
    \path[shift={([xshift=.4cm]cir11.east)}] let \p1=($([xshift=.4cm]cir11.east)$), \p2=($([xshift=-.4cm]cir22.west)$),
                                                 \n1={\x2-\x1}, \n2={(\y1-\y2)/3} in graph[nodes={coordinate},
                                                                                           empty nodes,
                                                                                           grow right=\n1,
                                                                                           branch down=\n2]{subgraph K_nm [n=4, m=4]};
    \path[shift={([xshift=.4cm]cir31.east)}] let \p1=($([xshift=.4cm]cir31.east)$), \p2=($([xshift=-.4cm]cir42.west)$),
                                                 \n1={\x2-\x1}, \n2={(\y1-\y2)/3} in graph[nodes={coordinate},
                                                                                           empty nodes,
                                                                                           grow right=\n1,
                                                                                           branch down=\n2]{subgraph K_nm [n=4, m=4]};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

另一个值得注意的事情是，虽然你已经minimum width为cir节点指定了，但大多数节点都超出了这个最小宽度（看看节点u_1，它肯定比其他节点小），这使得所有框的点都不同，我修改了节点inner sep以cir使它们符合minimum width

Answer 2

您可以使用pics绘制图表的“通用组件”，然后将这些图片放在您想要的位置。它们pics还可以接受参数，因此您可以将所需的不同标签传递给它们。这样做的最大优点是您只需调整每个组件中的绘图即可。

这样做我得到：

以下是代码：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}

\tikzset{% define a pic for the blocks, with the labels as arguments
   circnode/.style={circle, draw, minimum size=6mm, inner sep=0mm},
   pics/myblock/.style args={#1,#2}{
     code={\draw[thick,rounded corners](0,0) rectangle (1,4);
           \node at (0.5, 3.6) [circnode] {$#1_1$};
           \node at (0.5, 0.4) [circnode] {$#1_#2$};
           \foreach \y in {0.95,1.25,...,3.35} {
              \filldraw (0.5,\y) circle (1mm);
           }
      }
   },
   % and another pic for the bipartite graph
   pics/snare/.style = {
     code = { \foreach \y/\A in {0.4/A, 1.2/B, 2.8/C, 3.6/D} {
                 \coordinate (0\A) at (0,\y);
                 \coordinate (1\A) at (1,\y);
           }
           \draw(0A)--(1A)--(0B)--(1B)--(0C)--(1C)--(0D)--(1D)--(0B)
                    --(1C)--(0A)--(1D)--(0C)--(1A)--(0D)--(1D)--(0A)
                    --(1B);
     }
   }
}

\begin{document}

   \begin{tikzpicture}
     \draw (0,0) pic{myblock={o,k}};
     \draw (1.5,0) pic{snare};
     \draw (3,0) pic{myblock={h,n}};
     \foreach \x in {4.3,4.6,...,6.9} {
         \foreach \y in {0.4, 2.2, 3.6} {
              \filldraw (\x,\y) circle (1mm);
         }
     }
     \draw (7,0) pic{myblock={o,k}};
     \draw (8.5,0) pic{snare};
     \draw (10,0) pic{myblock={u,m}};
   \end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}