错误信息：！缺少}插入。} l.116 \end{参考书目}

Question 1

嗯，您给出的 bib 代码有几个错误。让我们看看 bib entry ParetoDist2011。更正后的版本是：

@misc{ParetoDist2011,
  TITLE        = {The Pareto Distribution},
  YEAR         = {2011},
  howpublished = {\url{https://statisticalmodeling.wordpress.com/2011/06/25/the-mean-excess-loss-function}},
  LAST_EDITED  = {23 June 2011}, 
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 30 August 2017]"},
}

您错过了\之前的url{，中的空白LAST EDITED会导致错误消息 ( missing =)。在其他条目中，您使用屏蔽了 url %。\%加载包url或hyperref不再需要的内容后...

以下 MWE 编译时没有错误，只有一个警告（好的，来自用于将filecontentsbib 文件和 TeX 代码保存在一个 MWE 中的包）：

\RequirePackage{filecontents}
\begin{filecontents*}{\jobname.bib}
@Book{Goossens,
  author    = {Goossens, Michel and Mittelbach, Frank and 
               Samarin, Alexander},
  title     = {The LaTeX Companion},
  edition   = {1},
  publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
  location  = {Reading, Mass.},
  year      = {1994},
}
@Book{adams,
  title     = {The Restaurant at the End of the Universe},
  author    = {Douglas Adams},
  series    = {The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy},
  publisher = {Pan Macmillan},
  year      = {1980},
}
@ARTICLE{FossKorshunovZachary2013,
  AUTHOR    = {S. Foss and D. Korshunov and S. Zachary},
  TITLE     = {Heavy-tailed and long-tailed distributions},
  BOOKTITLE = {An Introduction to Heavy-Tailed and Subexponential Distributions},
  journal   = {MISSING},
  PAGES     = {7--42},
  YEAR      = {2013},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
}
@misc{ParetoDist2011,
  TITLE        = {The Pareto Distribution},
  YEAR         = {2011},
  howpublished = {\url{https://statisticalmodeling.wordpress.com/2011/06/25/the-mean-excess-loss-function}},
  LAST_EDITED  = {23 June 2011}, 
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 30 August 2017]"},
}
@ARTICLE{Rojas-NandayapaXie2017,
  AUTHOR    = {L. Rojas-Nandayapa and W. Xie},
  TITLE     = {Asympotoic tail behavior of phase-type scale mixture 
               distributions},
  YEAR      = {2017},
  PAGES     = {1--6},
  JOURNAL   = {Annals of Actuarial Science},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}}

@BOOK{BuchholzKriegeFelko2014,
  AUTHOR    = {P. Buchholz, J. Kriege, I. Felko},
  TITLE     = {Phase-Type Distributions},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  YEAR      = {2014},
  PAGES     = {5--10, 125--128}}

@ARTICLE{BladtNandayapapa2017,
  AUTHOR    = {M. Bladt and L. Nandayapapa},
  TITLE     = {Fitting Phase-type Mixtures to Heavy-tailed Data and 
               Distriutions},
  YEAR      = {2017},
  JOURNAL   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.04357},
  PAGES     = {1--11}}

@article{AhmSoohanKimJosephRamaswani2012,
  AUTHOR    = {Ahn, Soohan and H.T. Kim, Joseph and Ramaswami, V},
  TITLE     = {A New Class of Models for Heavy Tailed Distributions in 
               Finance and Insurance Risk},
  YEAR      = {2012},
  MONTH     = {07},
  VOLUME    = {51},
  BOOKTITLE = {Insurance: Mathematics and Economics},
  journal   = {MISSING},
}

@misc{wikipedia2017,
  AUTHOR       = {Wikipedia},
  TITLE        = {Heavy-tailed distribution},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy-tailed_distribution}},
  LAST_EDITED  = {10 June 2017}, 
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 10 June 2017]"}}

 @misc{Zheng,
  AURTHOR      = {S. Zheng},
  TITLE        = {Sufficient Statistics and Exponential Family Lecturer},
  YEAR         = {n.d},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{http://people.missouristate.edu/songfengzheng/Teaching/MTH541/Lecture%20notes/Sufficient.pdf}},
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 31 June 2017]"}}

@misc{Clapham2016,
  AURTHOR      = {M.E. Clapham},
  TITLE        = {Maximum likelihood estimation},
  YEAR         = {2016},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vh98ful3_M}},
  LAST_EDITED  = {05 March 2016}, 
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 01 August 2017]"}}

@misc{Andale2015,
  AURTHOR      = {Andale},
  TITLE        = {Pareto Distribution Definition},
  YEAR         = {2015},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{http://www.statisticshowto.com/pareto-distribution}},
  LAST_EDITED  = {06 May 2015}, 
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 22 July 2017]"}}

@phdthesis{Vatamidou2015,
  AUTHOR = {Vatamidou, Eleni},
  TITLE  = {Error analysis of structured Markov chains},
  YEAR   = {2015},
  SCHOOL = {Technische Universiteit Eindhoven}}  

@article{AsmussenNermanOlsson1996,
  AUTHOR    = {S. Asmussen and O. Nerman and M. Olsson}, 
  TITLE     = {Fitting Phase-Type Distributions via the EM Algorithm},
  YEAR      = {1996},
  ISSN      = {03036898, 14679469},
  URL       = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4616418}, 
  JOURNAL   = {Scandinavian Journal of Statistics}, 
  NUMBER    = {4},
  PAGES     = {419--441},
  PUBLISHER = {Board of the Foundation of the Scandinavian Journal of 
               Statistics, Wiley},
  VOLUME    = {23}}

@article{Figueiredo2004,
  AUTHOR    = {Figueiredo, Mario AT}, 
  TITLE     = {Lecture Notes on the EM Algorithm},
  YEAR      = {2004},
  JOURNAL   = {\url{http://www.stat.duke.edu/courses/Spring06/sta376/Support/EM/EM.Mixtures.}},
  PUBLISHER = {Citeseer}}

@inproceedings{TaoRojasTaimre2016,
 AUTHOR       = {H. Yao and L. Rojas-Nandayapa and T. Taimre},
 TITLE        = {Estimating tail probabilities of random sums of infinite 
                 mixtures of phase-type distributions},
 YEAR         = {2016},
 BOOKTITLE    = {Proceedings of the 2016 Winter Simulation Conference},
 PAGES        = {347--358},
 ORGANISATION = {IEEE Press}}

@article{Breuer2014,
  AUTHOR   = {Breuer, Lothar},
  TITLE    = {Introduction to stochastic processes},
  YEAR     = {2014},
  JOURNAL  = {Lecture Notes, Univ. Kent}}

@phdthesis{Esparza2010,
  AUTHOR   = {Esparza, Luz Judith R and Nielsen, Bo Friis and 
              Bladt, Mogens},
  TITLE    = {Maximum likelihood estimation of phase-type distributions},
  YEAR     = {2010},
  SCHOOL   = {Technical University of DenmarkDanmarks Tekniske Universitet, 
              Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer 
              ScienceInstitut for Matematik og Computer Science},
}
@article{Brazauskas2016,
  AUTHOR    = {V. Brazauskas and A. Kleefeld},
  TITLE     = {Modeling severity and measuring tail risk of Norwegian fire 
               claims},
  YEAR      = {2016},
  JOURNAL   = {North American Actuarial Journal},
  VOLUME    = {20},
  NUMBER    = {1},
  PAGES     = {1--16},
  PUBLISHER = {Taylor \& Francis}}

@article{Dempster1977,
  AUTHOR    = {Dempster, Arthur P and Laird, Nan M and Rubin, Donald B},
  TITLE     = {Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM 
               algorithm},
  YEAR      = {1977},
  JOURNAL   = {Journal of the royal statistical society. Series B 
               (methodological)},
  PAGES     = {1--38},
  PUBLISHER = {JSTOR}}

@article{Borman2004,
  AUTHOR    = {Borman, Sean},
  TITLE     = {The expectation maximization algorithm - a short tutorial},
  YEAR      = {2004},
  JOURNAL   = {Submitted for publication},
  PAGES     = {1--9}}

@misc{wikipediaPowerLaw2017,
  AUTHOR       = {Wikipedia},
  TITLE        = {Power Law},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law}},
  LAST_EDITED  = {12 July 2017}, 
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 12 July 2017]"}}

@book{Embrechts2013,
  AUTHOR    = {Embrechts, Paul and Kluppelberg, Claudia and 
               Mikosch, Thomas},
  TITLE     = {Modelling extremal events: for insurance and finance},
  YEAR      = {2013},
  VOLUME    = {33},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Science \& Business Media}}

@misc{Mean2011,
  TITLE        = {The mean excess loss function},
  YEAR         = {2011},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{https://statisticalmodeling.wordpress.com/2011/06/25/the-mean-excess-loss-function/}},
  LAST_EDITED  = {25 June 2011}, 
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 30 August 2017]"}}

@article{Genccay2001,
  TITLE        = {EVIM: A software package for extreme value analysis in 
                  MATLAB},
  AUTHOR       = {Genccay, Ramazan and Selccuk, Faruk and 
                  Ulugulyagci, Abdurrahman},
  JOURNAL      = {Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics \& Econometrics},
  VOLUMe       = {5},
  NUMBER       = {3},
  YEAR         = {2001},
}
@article{Mcneil1997,
  title={Estimating the tails of loss severity distributions using 
         extreme value theory},
  author={McNeil, Alexander J},
  journal={ASTIN Bulletin: The Journal of the IAA},
  volume={27},
  number={1},
  pages={117--137},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}}
\end{filecontents*}


\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

\usepackage{showframe}  % to visualise the typing area and margins
\usepackage{hyperref}

\begin{document}

This is text with \cite{Goossens} and \cite{adams}.

\nocite{*} % to test all bib entrys
\bibliographystyle{unsrt}
\bibliography{\jobname}

\end{document}

第一个 pdf 页如下：

请将 used 更改\bibliographystyle为您使用的那个。这可能会导致其他错误...

Answer

嗯，您给出的 bib 代码有几个错误。让我们看看 bib entry ParetoDist2011。更正后的版本是：

@misc{ParetoDist2011,
  TITLE        = {The Pareto Distribution},
  YEAR         = {2011},
  howpublished = {\url{https://statisticalmodeling.wordpress.com/2011/06/25/the-mean-excess-loss-function}},
  LAST_EDITED  = {23 June 2011}, 
  NOTE         = {"[Online; accessed 30 August 2017]"},
}