长而可旋转的桌子

Question 1

您的表格中有很多问题可以一步解决，而且您的文档示例不完整，因此无法编译。

第一个题外评论：

它包含化学公式。为什么不使用包，而是mchem写例子\ce{CO2}CO\textsubscript{2}
siunitx强烈建议所有单位使用该包。\SIrange{15}{30}{\celsius}例如15 -- 30 \textdegree C
似乎您在行之间拆分文本而不是使用多行单元格（例如p{...}或X如果您使用包tabularx或ltablex）收集文本，即您的表格实际上只有两行...

主题：

我尝试重写你的表格，但是我迷失在你的文本中。所以我把单元格中的正确文本留给了你
您可以定义的列longtable

举个例子，如何重写你的表格（当然单元格中的内容是正确的）：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{booktabs, longtable}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}
\usepackage{pdflscape}

\begin{document}
\begin{landscape}
\begin{longtable}{|p{0.19\linewidth} *{3}{p{0.27\linewidth}|} }
\caption{Post-combustion CCS technologies}
\label{tab:CCS}  \\
\toprule
Technology & Principle & Advantages & Disadvantages  \\
\toprule
Absorption or (chemical) scrubbing
    & \ce{CO2} is contacted with a solvent in a packed column, counter flow over other compounds in flue gas
        & Commercially available
            & High CAPEX, OPEX, efficiency losses due to energy demand for regeneration \\
    &   & Assumed to be mature
            & \\
    & Solvent sorbs more soluble \ce{CO2}
        & Know-how from industry e.g. acid gas removal,
            & Transferable to power plants?\\
    &
        &
            & Accumulation of trace compounds \\
    & Purer \ce{CO2} released in regeneration
        & \ce{CO2} removal in IGCC
            & Foaming: reduces absorption efficiency \\
    & Solvent: amines, alkaline earth
        & Low consumables demand & Environmental impact of solvents: \\
            & solutions, glycol, ammonia, water
                & Solvent regeneration   & (eco)toxicity and corrosion\\
    %Add half midrule?
    & Upcoming: aqueous ammonia
        & High \ce{CO2} capacity & Volatile \\
    &
        & Lower heat demand, lower OPEX & Cooling of flue gas to \SIrange{15}{30}{\celsius} needed \\
    &
        & Small make-up demand:
            & to minimise solvent emission\\
    &
        & tolerance to \ce{O2}
            & \\
    &
        & Potential for simultaneous SO\textsubscript{x}, \ce{NOx} removal by forming ammonia sulphate and nitrate (can be sold as fertilisers)
            & \\
    & Ionic liquids: salt of
        & Stable up \SI{100}{\celsius}:
            & Very expensive chemicals (new)\\
    & organic cation + (in)organic anion
        & no cooling of flue gas needed (physical sorption)
            & High viscosity: unpractical \\
    &
        & Small energy demand for regeneration
            & \\
    & Physical solvent for \ce{CO2}
        &
            & \\
    & Solubility depends on anion
        & Simultaneous SO\textsubscript{x} removal
            & \\
\midrule
Adsorption
    & \ce{CO2} is contacted with a adsorbent in a bed reactor
        & Simple concept, low CAPEX
            & Purifying steps complicate process

              Rather impure by-product
              Not for too strongly binding species \\
    & Preferential adsorption of \ce{CO2}
        & Regeneration by temperature and pressure swing adsorption and \ce{CO2}.
            & \\
    & Physisorption: Van der Waals forces between surface of adsorbent e.g. clays, zeolites, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
        &
            &  \\
    &
        & (TSA, PSA) %\nomenclature{TSA}{Temperature swing adsorption} \nomenclature{PSA}{Pressure swing adsorption}
                at lower cost and energy absorption, low OPEX demand than for
            &  \\
    & Chemisorption: interaction between functional groups of the adsorbate and \ce{CO2} to form weak bonds.
        &
            &  \\
    &
        & Tunable affinity of
            &   \\
    &
        & organics: addition of functional groups on functional groups, porosity, surface area, pore size, metal ligands and electrostatic interactions.
            &   \\
    & \ce{CO2} adsorption potential depends
        & e.g. nitrogenous groups or metal oxides
            &   \\
    &
        & High permeate purity, possibly with extra steps
            &  \\
\midrule
Cryogenic distillation & Preferred condensation of CO\textsubscript{2}  &  & Very low temperatures: \\
\cite{Creamer, CCSbook, Bauer2013} & over other gases (N\textsubscript{2}, CH\textsubscript{4})&  & high energy demand, \\
                   & based on differences in vapour pressures and volatilities &  & high OPEX, efficiency losses \\
                   & Outcoming CO\textsubscript{2} is liquid  &  & Prior H\textsubscript{2}O removal needed \\
                   & More used for air separation in oxyfuel combustion        &  & \\
                   & Share of 0.5\% in biogas upgrading market                 &  & \\
\midrule
Carbonate looping      & Dry sorption of CO\textsubscript{2} on metallic oxides in carbonater & High purity& Efficiency losses (7.2\%) \\
              & Desorption under temperature or pressure swing in calcinator & Endothermic: released heat usable in power plants & Lab scale  \\
              & Dual fluidised bed reactor & Smaller efficiency loss in regeneration compared to amine sorption &   \\
              & or fixed bed in one reactor& Assumed to be retrofittable &   \\
              & & &   \\
              & & &   \\
              & e.g. CaO, lithium silicates & &   \\
\midrule    
Enzyme-based systems & Based on natural CO\textsubscript{2} capture & Enhanced mass transfer and CO\textsubscript{2}: & \\
                 & by living organisms                          & less hindrance of aqueous CO2 hydratation rate and buffering capacity &   \\
                 & Enzymes, carbonic anhydrase                  & Smaller energy penalty: & Limited by membrane boundary layers, \\
                 & immobilised on gas/liquid interphase         & very low heat of absorption, &pore wetting, surface fouling \\
                 & of hollow fiber liquid membrane:             & regeneration at ambient conditions & and loss of enzyme activity  \\
                 & imitating mammal respiration                 & Limited amount of enzyme needed, & Lab scale: long-term \\
                 & Enzyme increases carbonic                    & small make-up demand: & operation tests and scaling up needed\\
                 & acid formation rate                          & due to the fast turn-over rate&   \\
                 & of water scrubbing                           & &   \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\end{landscape}

附录（已编辑）： 如果你想\onehalfspace在正文和表格中使用间距，例如 1.1 间距，那么在序言中添加

\usepackage{setspace}
\onehalfspace

并在\begin{landscape}添加后\setstretch{1.1}。两者现在都被视为姆韦以下。

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{geometry}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{booktabs, ltablex}
\keepXColumns
\usepackage[version=4]{mhchem}
\usepackage{siunitx}

\usepackage{enumitem}        % for nice list
\newlist{tabitem}{itemize}{1}% <-- defined new list
\setlist[tabitem]{nosep,     % <-- new list setup
                     topsep     = 0pt       ,
                     partopsep  = 0pt       ,
                     leftmargin = *         ,
                     label      = $\bullet$ ,
                     before     = \vspace{\baselineskip},
                     after      = \vspace{-\baselineskip}
                     }
\usepackage{pdflscape}

\usepackage{setspace}   % added in edit
\onehalfspace           % added in edit
\usepackage{lipsum}     % added in edit

\begin{document}
\lipsum[1-3]            % added in edit
\begin{landscape}
\setstretch{1.1}        % added in edit
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}
            >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{15ex}
            X X X @{}}
\caption{Post-combustion CCS technologies}
\label{tab:CCS}  \\
    \toprule
Technology & Principle & Advantages & Disadvantages  \\
    \midrule
\endfirsthead
\caption{Post-combustion CCS technologies (cont.)}
\label{tab:CCS}  \\
    \toprule
Technology & Principle & Advantages & Disadvantages  \\
    \midrule
\endhead
\multicolumn{4}{r}{\footnotesize\emph{continued on the next page}}
\endfoot
    \bottomrule
\endlastfoot
Absorption or (chemical) scrubbing
    &   \begin{tabitem}
        \item   \ce{CO2} is contacted with a solvent in a packed column, counter flow over other compounds in flue gas
        \item   Solvent sorbs more soluble \ce{CO2}
        \item   Purer \ce{CO2} released in regeneration
        \item  Solvent: amines, alkaline earth solutions, glycol, ammonia, water
        \end{tabitem}
        &   \begin{tabitem}
            \item   Commercially available
            \item   Assumed to be mature
            \item   Know-how from industry e.g. acid gas removal
            \item   \ce{CO2} removal in IGCC
            \item   Low consumables demand
            \item   Solvent regeneration
            \end{tabitem}
            &   \begin{tabitem}
                \item   High CAPEX, OPEX, efficiency losses due to energy demand for regeneration
                \item   Transferable to power plants?
                \item   Accumulation of trace compounds
                \item   Foaming: reduces absorption efficiency
                \item   Environmental impact of solvents: (eco)toxicity and corrosion
                \end{tabitem}                           \\
    \addlinespace
    &   Upcoming: aqueous ammonia
        &   \begin{tabitem}
            \item   High \ce{CO2} capacity
            \item   Lower heat demand, lower OPEX
            \item   Small make-up demand: tolerance to \ce{O2}
            \item   Potential for simultaneous SO\textsubscript{x}, \ce{NOx} removal by forming ammonia sulphate and nitrate (can be sold as fertilisers)
            \end{tabitem}
            &   \begin{tabitem}
                \item   Volatile
                \item   Cooling of flue gas to \SIrange{15}{30}{\celsius} needed to minimise solvent emission
                \end{tabitem}                           \\
    \addlinespace
    &   Ionic liquids: salt of organic cation + (in)organic anion
        \bigskip
        &   \begin{tabitem}
            \item   Stable up \SI{100}{\celsius}: no cooling of flue gas needed (physical sorption)
            \item   Small energy demand for regeneration
            \end{tabitem}
            &   \begin{tabitem}
                \item   Very expensive chemicals (new)
                \item   High viscosity: unpractical
                \end{tabitem}                           \\
    \addlinespace
    &   Physical solvent for \ce{CO2}
        \bigskip
        \begin{tabitem}
        \item   Solubility depends on anion
        \end{tabitem}
           &   \begin{tabitem}
                \item   Simultaneous SO\textsubscript{x} removal
                \end{tabitem}                           \\
\midrule
Adsorption
    &   \begin{tabitem}
        \item   \ce{CO2} is contacted with a adsorbent in a bed reactor
        \item   Preferential adsorption of \ce{CO2}
        \item   Physisorption: Van der Waals forces between surface of adsorbent e.g. clays, zeolites, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
        \item   Chemisorption: interaction between functional groups of the adsorbate and \ce{CO2} to form weak bonds.
        \item   \ce{CO2} adsorption potential depends
        \end{tabitem}
        &   \begin{tabitem}
            \item   Simple concept, low CAPEX
            \item   Regeneration by temperature and pressure swing adsorption and \ce{CO2}.
            \item   (TSA, PSA) %\nomenclature{TSA}{Temperature swing adsorption} \nomenclature{PSA}{Pressure swing adsorption}
                at lower cost and energy absorption, low OPEX demand than for ?
            \item   Tunable affinity of organics: addition of functional groups on functional groups, porosity, surface area, pore size, metal ligands and electrostatic interactions.
            \item   e.g. nitrogenous groups or metal oxides
            \item   High permeate purity, possibly with extra steps
            \end{tabitem}
           &   \begin{tabitem}
                \item   Purifying steps complicate process
                \item   Rather impure by-product
                \item   Not for too strongly binding species
                \end{tabitem}                           \\
    \midrule
Cryogenic distillation
\cite{Creamer, CCSbook, Bauer2013}
    &   \begin{tabitem}
        \item   Preferred condensation of \ce{CO2} over other gases (\ce{N2}, \ce{CH4}) based on differences in vapour pressures and volatilities
        \item   Outcoming \ce{CO2} is liquid
        \item   More used for air separation in oxyfuel combustion
        \item   Share of \SI{0.5}{\%} in biogas upgrading market
        \end{tabitem}
        &   &   \begin{tabitem}
                \item   Very low temperatures
                \item   high energy demand
                \item   high OPEX, efficiency losses
                \item   Prior \ce{H2O} removal needed
                \end{tabitem}   \\
    \midrule
Carbonate looping
    &   \begin{tabitem}
        \item   Dry sorption of \ce{CO2} on metallic oxides in carbonater
        \item   Desorption under temperature or pressure swing in calcinator
        \item   Dual fluidised bed reactor or fixed bed in one reactor e.g. \ce{CaO}, lithium silicates
        \end{tabitem}
        &   \begin{tabitem}
            \item   High purity
            \item   Endothermic: released heat usable in power plants
            \item   Smaller efficiency loss in regeneration compared to amine sorption
            \item   Assumed to be retrofittable
            \end{tabitem}
            &   \begin{tabitem}
                \item   Efficiency losses (\SI{7.2}{\%})
                \item   Lab scale
                \end{tabitem}                               \\
    \midrule
Enzyme-based systems
    &   \begin{tabitem}
        \item   Based on natural CO\textsubscript{2} capture by living organisms
        \item   Enzymes, carbonic anhydrase immobilised on gas/liquid interphase of hollow fiber liquid membrane: imitating mammal respiration
        \item   Enzyme increases carbonic acid formation rate of water scrubbing
        \end{tabitem}
        &   \begin{tabitem}
            \item   Enhanced mass transfer and CO\textsubscript{2}: less hindrance of aqueous CO2 hydratation rate and buffering capacity
            \item   Smaller energy penalty: very low heat of absorption regeneration at ambient conditions
            \item   Limited by membrane boundary layers, small make-up demand: due to the fast turn-over rate
            \end{tabitem}
            &   \begin{tabitem}
                \item   Limited amount of enzyme needed, pore wetting, surface fouling and loss of enzyme activity
                \item   Lab scale: long-term operation tests and scaling up needed
                \end{tabitem}                           \\
\end{tabularx}
\end{landscape}
\end{document}

（仅显示三页中的第一页，表格考虑了因编辑答案而引入的更改）

Answer