简化 TikZ 中的事情

简化 TikZ 中的事情

我怎样才能简化 some 定位与 someforeach loops或 some own styles?这是原图:

截屏

这是我的 MWE:

\documentclass[border=5pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={font=\tiny},scale=1.5,xscale=1.2]
        \coordinate (a) at (0:1.5);
        \coordinate (b) at (60:1);
        \coordinate (c) at (120:1);
        \coordinate (d) at (180:1.5);
        \coordinate (e) at (240:1);
        \coordinate (f) at (300:1);
            \draw[dashed] (a) -- (b) -- (c) -- (d);
            \draw (d) -- (e) -- (f) -- (a);
                \draw (a) -- (0,3);
                \draw (0,3) -- ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$);
                \draw[dashed] (c) -- ($(c)!.5!(0,3)$);
                    \draw ($(c)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (0,3);
                \draw[dashed] (b) -- ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$);
                \draw (0,3) -- (d);
                \draw (0,3) -- (e);
                \draw (0,3) -- (f);
            \draw ($(a)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(c)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(d)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(e)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(f)!.5!(0,3)$) -- cycle;
                    \fill[black,opacity=.3] ($(a)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(c)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(d)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(e)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(f)!.5!(0,3)$) -- cycle;
                \fill[gray,opacity=.3] ($(a)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (b) -- (a) -- cycle;
                \fill[gray,opacity=.3] ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(c)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (c) -- (b) -- cycle;
                \fill[gray,opacity=.3] ($(d)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(e)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (e) -- (d) -- cycle;
                \fill[gray,opacity=.3] ($(c)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(d)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (d) -- (c) -- cycle;
                \fill[gray,opacity=.3] ($(e)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(f)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (f) -- (e) -- cycle;
                \fill[black,opacity=.3] ($(f)!.5!(0,3)$) -- ($(a)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (a) -- (f) -- cycle;
            \draw[dashed] ([xshift=-.75cm]$(a)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (0,0);
                \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (0,0) circle node[right] {$O_1$};
                    \draw ([xshift=-.75cm]$(a)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (0,3);
            \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ([xshift=-.75cm]$(a)!.5!(0,3)$) circle node[above right=-3.5] {$O_1'$};
                \node[above right=-2] at (b) {$A_i$};
                    \node[above left=-2] at (b) {$A_2'$};
                    \node[above right=-2] at (c) {$A_1'$};
                        \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (b) circle;
                        \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (c) circle;
                \node[left] at (d) {$A_n$};
                \node[below] at (e) {$A_1$};
                \node[below] at (f) {$A_2$};
            \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (0,3) circle node[above] {$O$};
                \node[above left=-2] at ($(d)!.5!(0,3)$) {$A_n'$};
                \node[above right=-4] at ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$) {$A_i'$};
            \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ($(a)!.5!(0,3)$) circle;
            \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$) circle;
            \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ($(c)!.5!(0,3)$) circle;
            \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ($(d)!.5!(0,3)$) circle;
            \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ($(e)!.5!(0,3)$) circle;
            \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ($(f)!.5!(0,3)$) circle;
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

这也是输出:

截屏

奖金:通常怎样才能清理代码?

答案1

因为在我看来这是一个非常好的问题,所以我想收集一些我从其他人或 pgfmanual 那里学到的技巧。

  1. Z 非常有文化,它能理解字母表,所以你可以进行循环{a,...,f}

  2. 你也可以做双循环。

  3. 可以将数字转换为字母。我不知道我的方法是否最优雅,但可以定义一个计数器,设置它,然后使用它将\alph其转换为字母。(我不声称自己是这个技巧的先行者,如果其他地方有更优雅的方法,我也不会感到惊讶。我只是搜索的时间不够长。)

  4. 我从 @percusse 那里学到的一个技巧(如果我没记错的话)是这样做

    \draw plot[samples at={a,...,f},variable=\x] (\x);

    连接ab... f

  5. 我在写这个答案时学到了一个可能更强大的技巧,那就是foreach 风格。示例如下代码所示。还有Loop Space 的答案,但我不敢尝试。请注意,这确实不是根本没有暗示有什么问题,我只是犹豫是否使用它。编辑:正如@Max Snippe 指出的那样,一种更优雅的方式就是简单地说

    \fill[black,opacity=0.3] (a') foreach \p in {b,...,f}{ -- (\p')} -- cycle;

我还添加了三个低透明度的正面,使 3D 感更加明显。

\documentclass[border=5pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\newcounter{cheat}
\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={font=\tiny},scale=1.5,xscale=1.2]
        \foreach \X [count=\Y,evaluate=\Y as \Z using {int(60*(\Y-1))}] 
        in {a,...,f}
        {\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\Cheat}{int(mod(\Y-1,3))}
        \ifnum\Cheat=0
            \coordinate (\X) at (\Z:1.5);
        \else
            \coordinate (\X) at (\Z:1);
        \fi
        }
        \draw[dashed] (a) -- (b) -- (c) -- (d);
        \draw (d) -- (e) -- (f) -- (a);
        \draw (a) -- (0,3);
        % define primed coordinates for later use
        \foreach \X in {a,...,f}
        {\coordinate (\X') at ($(\X)!.5!(0,3)$);}
        \draw (0,3) -- (b');
        \draw[dashed] (c) -- (c');
        \draw (c') -- (0,3);
        \draw[dashed] (b) -- (b');
        \foreach \X in {d,e,f}
            {\draw (0,3) -- (\X);}
        % foreach style from https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/124105/121799  
        \fill[black,opacity=.3,foreach/.style={insert path=--(#1')}] (a') [foreach/.list={b,...,f}]
        -- cycle;       
        \foreach \X [count=\Y,evaluate=\Y as \Z using {ifthenelse(\Y==5,6,int(mod(\Y+1,6)))}] 
            in {a,...,f} {\setcounter{cheat}{\Z}
            \def\NextX{\alph{cheat}}
            \draw (\X') -- (\NextX');
        \fill[gray,opacity=.3] (\NextX') -- (\X') --
            (\X) -- (\NextX) -- cycle;
        }
        \draw[dashed] ([xshift=-.75cm]$(a)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (0,0);
        \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (0,0) circle node[right] {$O_1$};
        \draw ([xshift=-.75cm]$(a)!.5!(0,3)$) -- (0,3);
        \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ([xshift=-.75cm]$(a)!.5!(0,3)$) circle node[above right=-3.5] {$O_1'$};
        \node[above right=-2] at (b) {$A_i$};
        \node[above left=-2] at (b) {$A_2'$};
        \node[above right=-2] at (c) {$A_1'$};
        \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (b) circle;
        \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (c) circle;
        \node[left] at (d) {$A_n$};
        \node[below] at (e) {$A_1$};
        \node[below] at (f) {$A_2$};
        \draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (0,3) circle node[above] {$O$};
        \node[above left=-2] at ($(d)!.5!(0,3)$) {$A_n'$};
        \node[above right=-4] at ($(b)!.5!(0,3)$) {$A_i'$};
        \foreach \X in {a,...,f}
            {\draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] ($(\X)!.5!(0,3)$) circle;}
        \foreach \X/\Y in {d/e,e/f,f/a} 
        {\fill[opacity=0.15,gray] (\X) -- (\X') -- (\Y') -- (\Y) -- cycle;}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

答案2

改进 marmot 的好答案,添加一些循环来附加节点,并进一步简化(例如,添加 Max Snippe 的提示):

\documentclass[border=5pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\newcounter{cheat}
\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={font=\tiny},scale=1.5,xscale=1.2]
        \foreach \X [count=\Y,evaluate=\Y as \Z using {int(60*(\Y-1))}] 
          in {a,...,f}
          {\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\Cheat}{int(mod(\Y-1,3))}
          \ifnum\Cheat=0
            \coordinate (\X) at (\Z:1.5);
          \else
            \coordinate (\X) at (\Z:1);
          \fi}
        \coordinate (h) at (0,3);
        \coordinate (g) at (0,0);
        \draw[dashed] (a) -- (b) -- (c) -- (d);
        \draw (d) -- (e) -- (f) -- (a);
        \draw (a) -- (h);
        \foreach \X in {a,...,g}
          {\coordinate (\X') at ($(\X)!.5!(0,3)$);}
        \foreach \X in {b,c,g}
          {\draw[dashed] (\X) -- (\X');
          \draw (h) -- (\X');}
        \foreach \X in {d,e,f}
          {\draw (h) -- (\X);}
        \fill[black,opacity=.3] (a') foreach \X in {b,...,f} { -- (\X') } -- cycle;
        \fill[gray,opacity=.3] (a) foreach \X in {f,f',a'} { -- (\X) } -- cycle;
        \foreach \X [count=\Y,evaluate=\Y as \Z using {ifthenelse(\Y==5,6,int(mod(\Y+1,6)))}] 
          in {a,...,f} 
          {\setcounter{cheat}{\Z}
            \def\NextX{\alph{cheat}}
            \draw (\X') -- (\NextX');
          \fill[gray,opacity=.3] (\NextX') -- (\X') -- (\X) -- (\NextX) -- cycle;}
        \foreach \X in {b,c,g,h}
          {\draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (\X) circle;}
        \foreach \X in {a,...,g}
          {\draw[fill=white,radius=.1em] (\X') circle;}
        \foreach \X/\Y/\Z 
          in {e/below/A_1,c/below/A_1',
              f/below/A_2,b/below/A_2',
              d/left/A_n, d'/left/A_n',
              b/right/A_i,b'/right/A_i',
              g/right/O_1,h/right/O}
          {\node[\Y] at (\X) {$\Z$};}
        \node[below right=-2.5] at (g') {$O_1'$};
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

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