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如何使用 TikZ 绘制微米刻度

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如何使用 TikZ 绘制微米刻度

如何在 Ti 中绘制这两个图形钾Z？

在此处输入图片描述

我已经

\documentclass[margin=3mm,tikz]{standalone}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0)--(-2,0);
\draw (0,-2)--(-2,-2);
\draw[thin] (0,0)--(0,-2);
\draw (0,0)--(1.5,1)--(3.5,1);
\draw (0,-2)--(1.5,-3)--(3.5,-3);
\draw[thin] (1.5,1)--(1.5,-3);
\draw (-2,-2) to[out=130,in=-130] (-2,-1) to[out=130,in=-130] (-2,0);
\draw[very thin] (-2,-1) to[out=50,in=-50] (-2,0);
\draw (3.5,1) to[out=-50,in=50] (3.5,-1) to[out=-50,in=50] (3.5,-3);
\draw[very thin] (3.5,-1) to[out=-130,in=130] (3.5,-3);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

但当我试图插入数字和小线条时，我卡住了。它们应该有准确的斜率，并且，

在此处输入图片描述

红线和蓝线不应该在同一点与绿线相交。

这些标准对我来说太难、太复杂了，难以逾越。

你能帮助我吗？任何帮助我都会非常感激。

答案1

这是对 3d 答案的尝试。我承认并感谢 KJO 的评论，它让我意识到这并不现实，也感谢 Raaja 的评论，它让我选择了一种可能更直观的偏移。;-)

\documentclass[tikz,border=3.14mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot} 
\usetikzlibrary{3d,calc}

\begin{document}

\tdplotsetmaincoords{00}{00}
\foreach \Z in {1.5,3,...,30,28.5,27,...,3}
{\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{0}{\Z}{00}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\VernierLength}{\Z/2} % <- this is the length in mm you want to show
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_rotated_coords,font=\sffamily]
%  \begin{scope}[xshift=-5cm]
%    \draw[-latex] (0,0,0) -- (1,0,0) node[pos=1.1]{$x$};
%    \draw[-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,1,0) node[pos=1.1]{$y$};
%    \draw[-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,1) node[pos=1.1]{$z$};
%  \end{scope}
 \path[tdplot_screen_coords,use as bounding box] (-3,-3) rectangle (5,3);
 \path[tdplot_screen_coords] (5,3) node[anchor=north east] 
    {$\mathsf{L}=\VernierLength$};
 \begin{scope}
   \begin{scope}[canvas is yz plane at x=0]
    \path (0,0) coordinate (M1);
    \draw (180:1) arc(180:0:1);
   \end{scope}
   \begin{scope}[canvas is yz plane at x=1.5]
    \path (0,0) coordinate (M2);
    \draw let \p1=($(M2)-(M1)$),\n1={0*atan2(\y1,\x1)+atan2(1,1.5)/2.5} in
     ($(M1)+(-\n1/2:1)$) coordinate (TL) -- ($(M2)+(-\n1/2:2)$) coordinate (TR)
     ($(M1)+(180+\n1/2:1)$) coordinate (BL) -- ($(M2)+(180+\n1/2:2)$) coordinate (BR)
     (BR) arc(180+\n1/2:-\n1/2:2);
   \end{scope}
   \begin{scope}
    \draw plot[variable=\t,domain=0:360,smooth] 
      (-\VernierLength/10-0.5,{cos(\t)},{sin(\t)});
    \draw[clip] plot[variable=\t,domain=0:180,smooth] 
      (-\VernierLength/10-0.5,{cos(\t)},{sin(\t)})
      -- plot[variable=\t,domain=180:0,smooth] 
      (0,{cos(\t)},{sin(\t)}) -- cycle;
    \draw[thick] (-\VernierLength/10,0,1) -- (0,0,1) 
      plot[variable=\t,domain=60:110,smooth] 
      (-\VernierLength/10,{cos(\t)},{sin(\t)});
    \path let 
      \p1=($(-\VernierLength/10,{cos(120)},{sin(120)})-(-\VernierLength/10,{cos(110)},{sin(110)})$),
       \n1={90+atan2(\y1,\x1)} in (-\VernierLength/10,{cos(120)},{sin(120)})
        node[rotate=\n1,yscale={cos(30)},transform shape]{0};         
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\Xmax}{\VernierLength/2}
    \ifnum\Xmax>0
    \foreach \X in {1,...,\Xmax}
    {\ifodd\X
      \draw plot[variable=\t,domain=90:110,smooth] 
      (-\VernierLength/10+\X/5,{cos(\t)},{sin(\t)});
%     \path let 
%       \p1=($(-\VernierLength/10+\X/5,{cos(120)},{sin(120)})-(-\VernierLength/10+\X/5,{cos(110)},{sin(110)})$),
%        \n1={90+atan2(\y1,\x1)} in (-\VernierLength/10+\X/5,{cos(120)},{sin(120)})
%         node[rotate=\n1,yscale={cos(30)},transform shape]{\X};
     \else
      \draw plot[variable=\t,domain=90:70,smooth] 
      (-\VernierLength/10+\X/5,{cos(\t)},{sin(\t)});
%     \path let 
%       \p1=($(-\VernierLength/10+\X/5,{cos(60)},{sin(60)})-(-\VernierLength/10+\X/5,{cos(70)},{sin(70)})$),
%        \n1={-90+atan2(\y1,\x1)} in (-\VernierLength/10+\X/5,{cos(60)},{sin(60)})
%         node[rotate=\n1,yscale={cos(30)},transform shape]{\X};
     \fi
     }
    \fi
   \end{scope} 
   %
   \begin{scope}[canvas is yz plane at x=3.5]
    \path (0,0) coordinate (M3);
    \draw (180:2) arc(180:0:2);
    \draw ($(M2)+(0:2)$) -- ($(M3)+(0:2)$)
    ($(M2)+(180:2)$) -- ($(M3)+(180:2)$);
   \end{scope}
     \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\Offset}{180+10*\VernierLength*7.2-12.5*7.2}
     \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\Xmin}{10*\VernierLength+1-12.5}
     \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\Xmax}{\Xmin+23}
    \foreach \X [evaluate=\X as \Y using {int(mod(\X,5))},
      evaluate=\X as \LX using {int(mod(\X,50))}] in {\Xmin,...,\Xmax}
    {\ifnum\Y=0
       \draw[thin] let 
       \p1=($(0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(\Offset-\X*7.2)},{(1+0.4)*sin(\Offset-\X*7.2)})-
       (0,{cos(\Offset-\X*7.2)},{sin(\Offset-\X*7.2)})$),
       \p2=($(0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(\Offset-\X*7.2)},{(1+0.4)*sin(\Offset-\X*7.2)})-
       (0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(\Offset-\X*7.2+1)},{(1+0.4)*sin(\Offset-\X*7.2+1)})$),
       \p3=($(0.6,{0},{(1+0.4)})-
       (0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(91)},{(1+0.4)*sin(91)})$),
       \n1={atan2(\y1,\x1)},\n2={veclen(\x2,\y2)/veclen(\x3,\y3)} in
       (0,{cos(\Offset-\X*7.2)},{sin(\Offset-\X*7.2)})
        -- (0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(\Offset-\X*7.2)},{(1+0.4)*sin(\Offset-\X*7.2)})
        node[pos=1.5,rotate=\n1,yscale={\n2},transform shape]{\LX};
     \else
       \draw[thin] (0,{cos(\Offset-\X*7.2)},{sin(\Offset-\X*7.2)})
        -- (0.3,{(1+0.2)*cos(\Offset-\X*7.2)},{(1+0.2)*sin(\Offset-\X*7.2)});
     \fi}
 \end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

这里有个画刻度线的技巧。将对角线交点称为P。然后刻度线指向这个点。当然，最后你要通过裁剪去除多余的线条。

\documentclass[tikz,border=3.14mm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[font=\sffamily]
 \draw (0,0)--(-2,0) (0,-2)--(-2,-2);
 \draw[thin] (0,0)--(0,-2);
 \draw (0,0)coordinate (TL) --(1.5,1) coordinate (TR)  --(3.5,1) ;
 \draw (0,-2) coordinate (BL)--(1.5,-3)  coordinate (BR) --(3.5,-3) ;
 \draw[thin] (1.5,1)--(1.5,-3);
 \draw (-2,-2) to[out=130,in=-130] (-2,-1) to[out=130,in=-130] (-2,0);
 \draw[very thin] (-2,-1) to[out=50,in=-50] (-2,0);
 \draw (3.5,1) to[out=-50,in=50] (3.5,-1) to[out=-50,in=50] (3.5,-3);
 \draw[very thin] (3.5,-1) to[out=-130,in=130] (3.5,-3);
 \path (intersection cs:first line={(TL)--(TR)}, second line={(BL)--(BR)})
  coordinate (P);
 \clip (TL) -- (TR) -- (BR) -- (BL) -- cycle;
 \foreach \X [evaluate=\X as \Y using {int(mod(\X,5))}] in {1,...,17}
 {\ifnum\Y=0
   \draw[shorten >=-20pt] (P) -- (0,-2+\X/9) node[pos=1.65]{\X};
 \else
   \draw[shorten >=-7pt] (P) -- (0,-2+\X/9);
 \fi  }
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

答案2

改编：

  • 我将原点设置为水平刻度的“0”。

描述：

  • 增加了3个参数：
    • \lenx是水平长度
    • \xscale是水平长度单位的缩放
    • \startrange是垂直刻度的起始数字
  • 使用 for 循环和模数计算来绘制刻度

代码：

\documentclass[margin=3mm,tikz]{standalone}

\begin{document}

\newcommand{\lenx}{5.3} % e.g.: 0.4 or 5.3
\newcommand{\xscale}{.2}
\newcommand{\startrange}{0} % e.g.: 0 or 7

\begin{tikzpicture}
    % scale right
    \foreach \i in {1, ..., 18} {
        \pgfmathparse{Mod(\i-1+\startrange,5)==0?1:0}
        \ifnum\pgfmathresult>0
            % long line with number
            \draw[blue] (\lenx*\xscale, -1+\i*2/19) -- (\lenx*\xscale+.5, -1+\i*2.5/19 -.25) node[right]{\pgfmathparse{int(\i-1+\startrange)}\pgfmathresult};%
        \else
            % short line
            \draw[blue] (\lenx*\xscale, -1+\i*2/19) -- (\lenx*\xscale+.25, -1+\i*2.25/19 -.125);
        \fi
    }

    % horizontal scale (left)
    \draw[red] (0,0) -- (\lenx*\xscale,0);
    \draw[thick] (0,.3) -- (0,-.15) node[below]{0};
    \pgfmathparse{int(\lenx)}
    \foreach \i in {0, ..., \pgfmathresult} {
        \pgfmathparse{Mod(\i,2)==0?1:0}
        \ifnum\pgfmathresult>0
            \draw[] (\i*\xscale,0) -- (\i*\xscale,.15);
        \else
            \draw[] (\i*\xscale,0) -- (\i*\xscale,-.15);
        \fi
    }

    % borders
    \draw[thin, green] (\lenx*\xscale,1)--(\lenx*\xscale,-1);
    \draw (-.5,1)--(\lenx*\xscale,1);
    \draw (-.5,-1)--(\lenx*\xscale,-1);

    \draw (\lenx*\xscale,1)--++(1.5,1)--++(2,0);
    \draw (\lenx*\xscale,-1)--++(1.5,-1)--++(2,0);
    \draw[thin] (\lenx*\xscale+1.5,2)--++(0,-4);

    % curvy lines (left and right)
    \draw (-.5,-1) to[out=130,in=-130] (-.5,0) to[out=130,in=-130] (-.5,1);
    \draw[very thin] (-.5,0) to[out=50,in=-50] (-.5,1);
    \draw (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,2) to[out=-50,in=50] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,0) to[out=-50,in=50] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,-2);
    \draw[very thin] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,0) to[out=-130,in=130] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,-2);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

结果：

在此处输入图片描述

答案3

PSTricks 解决方案仅供娱乐。我注重规模。美学方面太琐碎了。

\documentclass[pstricks,border=12pt,12pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{multido}
\usepackage[nomessages]{fp}

\makeatletter
\def\vernier#1{%
    \begingroup
    \psset{yunit=2mm,xunit=1mm,linecolor=red,linewidth=.8pt,linecap=0}
    \pspolygon[fillcolor=yellow,fillstyle=solid,opacity=.9,linestyle=none,linewidth=.8pt,linearc=1pt](0,-6)(0,6)(6,7.5)(10,7.5)(10,-7.5)(6,-7.5)
    \multido{\iy=-5+1,\in={\numexpr#1-5\relax}+1}{11}{%
        \pst@mod\in{50}\lbl
        \pst@mod\lbl{5}\tmp
        \psline(0,\iy)(!\tmp\space 0 ne {2} {5} ifelse \iy\space)
        \ifnum\tmp=0\uput[0](3.5,\iy){\textcolor{red}{$\lbl$}}\fi
    }
    \psline(.5\pslinewidth,-5)(.5\pslinewidth,5)
    \endgroup
}

\newcommand\micrometer[1]{%
\bgroup
\psset{xunit=.2mm,yunit=1cm,linewidth=1.6pt}
\begin{pspicture}[linecolor=black,linecap=2](0,-1.3)(150,1.7)
    \FPeval\args{trunc(#1*100:0)}
    \pst@mod{\args}{100}\position
    \FPeval\lbl{trunc(args/100:0)}
    \multido{\ix=0+50}{4}{%
        \pst@mod\ix{100}\rem
        \ifnum\rem=0
                \psline(\ix,-17pt)(\ix,17pt)
                \uput[90](\ix,16pt){\lbl}
                \FPeval\lbl{trunc(lbl+1:0)}
        \else
                \pst@mod\ix{50}\rem
                \ifnum\rem=0
                    \psline(\ix,-5pt)(\ix,5pt)
                \fi
        \fi}
    \psline(150,0)
    \rput(\dimexpr\position\psxunit-.4pt\relax,0){\vernier{\args}}
    \rput(75,1.75){\scriptsize#1}
\end{pspicture}
\egroup
}
\makeatother

\begin{document}
\multido{\n=3.00+0.01}{100}{\micrometer{\n}}
%\micrometer{2.34}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

答案4

前言：这个答案只是@dexteritas 的回答以便输出图形更准确地符合给定图形。1不接受这个答案。

\startrange我对定义做了一点改动，是-水平尺度上的点的坐标。

图 1：

\documentclass[margin=3mm,tikz]{standalone}

\begin{document}

\newcommand{\lenx}{5.3} % e.g.: 0.4 or 5.3
\newcommand{\xscale}{.2}
\newcommand{\startrange}{1} % e.g.: 0 or 7

\begin{tikzpicture}
    % scale right
    \foreach \i in {1, ..., 18} {
        \pgfmathparse{Mod(\i-1+\startrange,5)==0?1:0}
        \ifnum\pgfmathresult>0
            % long line with number
            \draw (\lenx*\xscale, -1+\i*2/19) -- (\lenx*\xscale+.5, -1+\i*2.5/19 -.25) node[right]{\pgfmathparse{int(\i-1+\startrange)}\pgfmathresult};%
        \else
            % short line
            \draw (\lenx*\xscale, -1+\i*2/19) -- (\lenx*\xscale+.25, -1+\i*2.25/19 -.125);
        \fi
    }

    % horizontal scale (left)
    \draw (0,-.04) -- (\lenx*\xscale,-.04);
    \draw[thick] (0,.26) -- (0,-.19) node[below]{0};
    \pgfmathparse{int(\lenx)}
    \foreach \i in {0, ..., \pgfmathresult} {
        \pgfmathparse{Mod(\i,2)==0?1:0}
        \ifnum\pgfmathresult>0
            \draw[] (\i*\xscale,-.04) -- (\i*\xscale,.11);
        \else
            \draw[] (\i*\xscale,-.04) -- (\i*\xscale,-.19);
        \fi
    }

    % borders
    \draw[thin] (\lenx*\xscale,1)--(\lenx*\xscale,-1);
    \draw (-.5,1)--(\lenx*\xscale,1);
    \draw (-.5,-1)--(\lenx*\xscale,-1);

    \draw (\lenx*\xscale,1)--++(1.5,1)--++(2,0);
    \draw (\lenx*\xscale,-1)--++(1.5,-1)--++(2,0);
    \draw[thin] (\lenx*\xscale+1.5,2)--++(0,-4);

    % curvy lines (left and right)
    \draw (-.5,-1) to[out=130,in=-130] (-.5,0) to[out=130,in=-130] (-.5,1);
    \draw[very thin] (-.5,0) to[out=50,in=-50] (-.5,1);
    \draw (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,2) to[out=-50,in=50] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,0) to[out=-50,in=50] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,-2);
    \draw[very thin] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,0) to[out=-130,in=130] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,-2);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

图2：

\documentclass[margin=3mm,tikz]{standalone}

\begin{document}

\newcommand{\lenx}{0.4} % e.g.: 0.4 or 5.3
\newcommand{\xscale}{.2}
\newcommand{\startrange}{6} % e.g.: 0 or 7

\begin{tikzpicture}
    % scale right
    \foreach \i in {1, ..., 18} {
        \pgfmathparse{Mod(\i-1+\startrange,5)==0?1:0}
        \ifnum\pgfmathresult>0
            % long line with number
            \draw (\lenx*\xscale, -1+\i*2/19) -- (\lenx*\xscale+.5, -1+\i*2.5/19 -.25) node[right]{\pgfmathparse{int(\i-1+\startrange)}\pgfmathresult};%
        \else
            % short line
            \draw (\lenx*\xscale, -1+\i*2/19) -- (\lenx*\xscale+.25, -1+\i*2.25/19 -.125);
        \fi
    }

    % horizontal scale (left)
    \draw (0,-.04) -- (\lenx*\xscale,-.04);
    \draw[thick] (0,.26) -- (0,-.19) node[below]{0};
    \pgfmathparse{int(\lenx)}
    \foreach \i in {0, ..., \pgfmathresult} {
        \pgfmathparse{Mod(\i,2)==0?1:0}
        \ifnum\pgfmathresult>0
            \draw[] (\i*\xscale,-.04) -- (\i*\xscale,.11);
        \else
            \draw[] (\i*\xscale,-.04) -- (\i*\xscale,-.19);
        \fi
    }

    % borders
    \draw[thin] (\lenx*\xscale,1)--(\lenx*\xscale,-1);
    \draw (-.5,1)--(\lenx*\xscale,1);
    \draw (-.5,-1)--(\lenx*\xscale,-1);

    \draw (\lenx*\xscale,1)--++(1.5,1)--++(2,0);
    \draw (\lenx*\xscale,-1)--++(1.5,-1)--++(2,0);
    \draw[thin] (\lenx*\xscale+1.5,2)--++(0,-4);

    % curvy lines (left and right)
    \draw (-.5,-1) to[out=130,in=-130] (-.5,0) to[out=130,in=-130] (-.5,1);
    \draw[very thin] (-.5,0) to[out=50,in=-50] (-.5,1);
    \draw (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,2) to[out=-50,in=50] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,0) to[out=-50,in=50] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,-2);
    \draw[very thin] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,0) to[out=-130,in=130] (\lenx*\xscale+3.5,-2);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

1微米当然是一种非常精确的测量工具，所以我认为在这种情况下这个数字的精确度是有意义的。

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