当我使用横向时，如何最大化图形底部的尺寸，如下图所示：
圆形区域有一个很大的空白区域，我想在那里最大化图像。
\documentclass[12pt,oneside]{book} % Remove draft option to show figures (for final draft), otherwise keep for faster production
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{pdflscape}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[hypcap=false]{caption}
\usepackage[list=true]{subcaption}
\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
\usepackage{enumitem} % macros to modify appearance
\usepackage[backend=biber,
% style=authoryear,
style=authoryear-comp,
% citestyle=authoryear,
dashed=false,
maxcitenames=2,
maxbibnames=99,
uniquelist=false, % for Author1 et al. (year) instead of Author1, Author2 et al. (year)
giveninits,
alldates=comp, %for online citing
dateabbrev=false, %for online citing for data format month in full
uniquename=init]{biblatex}
\makeatother
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{4}
\usepackage{lipsum} % for filler text
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[export]{adjustbox}
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1994/06/01]
\ProvidesPackage{uorthesis}
[2018/01/18 v0.01 LaTeX package for UOR thesis]
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage[english]{babel} %keep english format as babel for date ciitng format
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\setlist{nosep} % Removes too much vertical spacing in lists
\usepackage{booktabs} % makes tables look good
\usepackage{fancyhdr} % For page number in the upper right (required) and other running headers(optional)
\usepackage{setspace} % For double-spacing (required)
\usepackage{titlesec} % For keeping chapter/chapter titles single-spaced
\usepackage{etoolbox} % For the flag determining if front matter goes into the TOC
\usepackage{float} % Helps float images to the top
\RequirePackage{xcolor}
\definecolor{darkblue}{rgb}{0, 0, 0.5}
\usepackage[colorlinks=true, allcolors=darkblue]{hyperref} % Adds hyperlinks in the pdf
\usepackage[font=small,labelfont={bf,sf}, textfont={sf}, justification=centering]{caption}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{helvet}
% Header height (to avoid fancyhdr error)
\setlength{\headheight}{13.6pt}
% Header formatting for regular pages
\fancyhf{}
\fancyhead[L]{\it\small\leftmark}
\fancyhead[R]{\small\thepage}
% Header formatting for chapter title pages
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
\fancyhf{}
\fancyhead[R]{\small\thepage}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
}
% Formatting of chapter and chapter titles: keep them single-spaced in the midst of double-spaced text
\usepackage{sectsty}
\titleformat{\chapter}[hang]{\Huge\sffamily\bfseries}{\thechapter{. }}{0pt}{\Huge}
\allsectionsfont{\normalfont\sffamily\bfseries}
% \usepackage{subfigure}
% \usepackage[subfigure]{tocloft} % subfigure option only if using subfigure package
% \renewcommand{\cfttoctitlefont}{\Huge \bfseries \sffamily} % ToC title
\usepackage{tocloft}
\renewcommand{\cfttoctitlefont}{\Huge \bfseries \sffamily}
\setcounter{lofdepth}{2} % added in for to put subfigure in List of Figure https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/522538/tocloft-does-not-work-with-list-of-subfigure-in-list-of-figure/522540?noredirect=1#comment1321553_522540 and https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/522536/why-tcolorbox-crash-with-caption
\addto\captionsenglish{
\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{\textsf{List of Figures}}
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{\textsf{List of Tables}}
}
% Flag for whether to add front matter to TOC
\newtoggle{fulltoc}
\toggletrue{fulltoc} % Change to \togglefalse{fulltoc} to remove front matter
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents}
\begin{document}
% Title page
\include{structure/title}
% All subsequent pages must be numbered, title page is considered page i,
% front matter is numbered in lowercase Roman numerals
\pagestyle{fancy}
\pagenumbering{roman}
\setcounter{page}{2}
\doublespacing
% Table of Contents, List of Tables, List of Figures
\tableofcontents
\clearpage
\setcounter{page}{0}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
% Body
% \include{chapters/01-introduction}
\chapter{Introduction}
\label{chap:introduction}
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} %disable auto indentation
\section{Motivation}
Lorem Ipsum
Lorem Ipsum
Lorem Ipsum
Lorem Ipsum
Lorem Ipsum
Lorem Ipsum
Lorem Ipsum
\begin{figure}[!b]
\centering
% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]
\includegraphics[scale=1]{example-image}
\subcaption{$Q^{*}$ values for arm 1}
\label{fig:arm1}
\end{figure}
%
\begin{sidewaysfigure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{example-image}
\caption{$Q^{*}$ values for arm 1}
\label{fig:arm1}
\end{sidewaysfigure}
\begin{landscape}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{example-image}
\caption{$Q^{*}$ values for arm 1}
\label{fig:arm1}
\end{figure}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
\pagebreak
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}
\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{example-image}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{example-image} \\
\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{example-image}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Structure of the three studies in this work}
\label{fig:Structure of the three studies in this work}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
\pagebreak
\end{document}
答案1
缩放图像可能会导致您现在面临的问题，更好的方法是将其大小调整到页面上的可用空间，例如\textwidth，或\textheight或两者的一小部分。如果您定义图像的宽度，则可能会发生其高度过大并因此突出文本边框的情况。这取决于图像尺寸比率。
在将您的 MWE 变成真正的 MWE（从前言中删除所有未使用的包）之后，您可以使用以下 MWE 进行测试：
\documentclass[12pt,oneside]{book} % Remove draft option to show figures (for final draft), otherwise keep for faster production
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{pdflscape}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[hypcap=false]{caption}
\usepackage[list=true]{subcaption}
\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
\usepackage{enumitem} % macros to modify appearance
\usepackage[backend=biber,
% style=authoryear,
style=authoryear-comp,
% citestyle=authoryear,
dashed=false,
maxcitenames=2,
maxbibnames=99,
uniquelist=false, % for Author1 et al. (year) instead of Author1, Author2 et al. (year)
giveninits,
alldates=comp, %for online citing
dateabbrev=false, %for online citing for data format month in full
uniquename=init]{biblatex}
\makeatother
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{4}
\usepackage{lipsum} % for filler text
\usepackage[demo,
export]{adjustbox}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{setspace} % For double-spacing (required)
\usepackage{etoolbox} % For the flag determining if front matter goes into the TOC
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} %disable auto indentation
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{pdflscape}
%---------------- show page layout. don't use in a real document!
\usepackage{showframe}
\renewcommand\ShowFrameLinethickness{0.15pt}
\renewcommand*\ShowFrameColor{\color{red}}
%---------------------------------------------------------------%
\usepackage{lipsum}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Introduction}
\section{Motivation}
\lipsum[1]
\begin{figure}[!b]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{example-image}
\caption{$Q^{*}$ values for arm 1}
\label{fig:arm1}
\end{figure}
\begin{sidewaysfigure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{example-image-16x9}
\caption{$Q^{*}$ values for arm 1}
\label{fig:arm1}
\end{sidewaysfigure}
\begin{landscape}
\begin{figure}[p]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth, height=0.6\linewidth]{example-image-b}
\caption{$Q^{*}$ values for arm 1}
\label{fig:arm1}
\end{figure}
\end{landscape}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=0.3\textheight]{example-image}\\[1ex]
\includegraphics[height=0.3\textheight]{example-image}\\[1ex]
\includegraphics[height=0.3\textheight]{example-image}
\caption{Structure of the three studies in this work}
\label{fig:Structure of the three studies in this work}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
正如您所见，没有任何图像小于文本区域底部留下的空白，也没有图像大于突出文本边框：
（红线表示页面布局）