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如何排列标签，让它们在距离太近时也能被看到

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如何排列标签，让它们在距离太近时也能被看到

我使用 Python 绘制了以下图表matplotlib：

在此处输入图片描述

我想使用 TikZ 改进它并添加一些标签。我遇到的问题是标签彼此太近，最终全部重叠。

在此处输入图片描述

有什么方法可以让这个图更清晰吗？如果蓝色标签消失，我可以接受，但其他标签非常重要。我认为应该旋转图并以某种方式移动标签，但不幸的是我不知道该怎么做。

编辑：如果这有助于使情节更清晰，可以改变点的位置（即，\Px如果点位于球体表面上，\Py则可以将和修改为您想要的任何位置）。\Pz

这是我的代码：

\documentclass[tikz,border=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepackage{calc}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot}
\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{115}
\pgfplotsset{compat=newest}

\newcommand{\comment}[1]{}
\newcommand{\pvec}[1]{\vec{#1}\mkern2mu\vphantom{#1}}

\begin{document}
\def\Px{1/sqrt(33)}
\def\Py{4/sqrt(33)}
\def\Pz{4/sqrt(33)}
\def\Ef{1.4}
\def\Er{0.33}
\def\Qz{1.4}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords, scale = 2.5]
\coordinate (O) at (0, 0, 0);

\coordinate (P1) at ({\Px},{\Py},{\Pz});
\coordinate (dE1) at ({\Px-\Px*\Ef},{\Py-\Py*\Ef},{\Pz+(\Qz-\Pz)*\Ef});
\coordinate (P2) at ({\Py},{\Px},{\Pz});
\coordinate (dE2) at ({\Py-\Py*\Ef},{\Px-\Px*\Ef},{\Pz+(\Qz-\Pz)*\Ef});
\coordinate (P3) at ({-\Px},{-\Py},{\Pz});
\coordinate (dE3) at ({-\Px+\Px*\Ef},{-\Py+\Py*\Ef},{\Pz+(\Qz-\Pz)*\Ef});
\coordinate (P4) at ({-\Py},{-\Px},{\Pz});
\coordinate (dE4) at ({-\Py+\Py*\Ef},{-\Px+\Px*\Ef},{\Pz+(\Qz-\Pz)*\Ef});

\coordinate (Q) at (0, 0, \Qz);

\def\arrayP{(P1), (P2), (P3), (P4)}
\def\arrayE{(dE1), (dE2), (dE3), (dE4)}

% Sphere
\shade[ball color = lightgray, opacity = 0.5] (0,0,0) circle (1cm);
% Sphere's dotted lines
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{0}{0}{0};
\draw[dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords, gray] (0,0,0) circle (1);
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{90}{90}{90};
\draw[dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords, gray] (1,0,0) arc (0:360:1);
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{0}{90}{90};
\draw[dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords, gray] (1,0,0) arc (0:360:1);
\draw[dashed, gray] (O) -- (-1,0,0);
\draw[dashed, gray] (O) -- (0,-1,0);
\draw[dashed, gray] (O) -- (0,0,-1);
% Axes
\draw[-stealth] (O) -- (1.80,0,0) node[below left] {$x$};
\draw[-stealth] (O) -- (0,1.30,0) node[below right] {$y$};
\draw[-stealth] (O) -- (0,0,2.3) node[above] {$z$};
% Charges
\foreach \p [count=\i] in \arrayP {
    \draw[thick, -stealth] (O) -- \p node[right] {$\pvec{r}'_{\i}$};
    \draw[thick, blue, -stealth] \p -- (Q) node[right] {$\vec{r}-\pvec{r}'_{\i}$};
}
% Differential fields
\foreach \p [count=\i] in \arrayE {
    \draw[thick, red, -stealth] (Q) -- \p node[left] {$d\vec{E}_{\i}$};
}
% Total field
\draw[thick, teal, -stealth] (Q) -- ($\Er*(dE1) + \Er*(dE2) + \Er*(dE3) + \Er*(dE4)$) node[right] {$\vec{E}$};

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

答案1

我没有完美的解决方案，但有一些建议。你可能需要

  1. 稍微增加一点规模。；
  2. 在背景层上绘制球体内部的矢量；
  3. 改变节点锚点；
  4. 使用适当的差异d。

结果：

\documentclass[tikz,border=2mm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot}
\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{115}

\newcommand{\pvec}[1]{\vec{#1}\mkern2mu\vphantom{#1}}

\begin{document}
\def\Px{1/sqrt(33)}
\def\Py{4/sqrt(33)}
\def\Pz{4/sqrt(33)}
\def\Ef{1.4}
\def\Er{0.33}
\def\Qz{1.4}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords, scale = pi]
\coordinate (O) at (0, 0, 0);

\coordinate (P1) at ({\Px},{\Py},{\Pz});
\coordinate (dE1) at ({\Px-\Px*\Ef},{\Py-\Py*\Ef},{\Pz+(\Qz-\Pz)*\Ef});
\coordinate (P2) at ({\Py},{\Px},{\Pz});
\coordinate (dE2) at ({\Py-\Py*\Ef},{\Px-\Px*\Ef},{\Pz+(\Qz-\Pz)*\Ef});
\coordinate (P3) at ({-\Px},{-\Py},{\Pz});
\coordinate (dE3) at ({-\Px+\Px*\Ef},{-\Py+\Py*\Ef},{\Pz+(\Qz-\Pz)*\Ef});
\coordinate (P4) at ({-\Py},{-\Px},{\Pz});
\coordinate (dE4) at ({-\Py+\Py*\Ef},{-\Px+\Px*\Ef},{\Pz+(\Qz-\Pz)*\Ef});

\coordinate (Q) at (0, 0, \Qz);

\def\arrayP{(P1), (P2), (P3), (P4)}
\def\arrayE{(dE1), (dE2), (dE3), (dE4)}

% Sphere
\shade[ball color = lightgray, opacity = 0.8] (0,0,0) circle[radius=1cm];
% Sphere's dotted lines
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{0}{0}{0};
\draw[dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords, gray] (0,0,0) circle[radius=1];
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{90}{90}{90};
\draw[dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords, gray] (1,0,0) arc (0:360:1);
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{0}{90}{90};
\draw[dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords, gray] (1,0,0) arc (0:360:1);
\draw[dashed, gray] (O) -- (-1,0,0);
\draw[dashed, gray] (O) -- (0,-1,0);
\draw[dashed, gray] (O) -- (0,0,-1);
% Axes
\draw[-stealth] (O) -- (1.80,0,0) node[below left] {$x$};
\draw[-stealth] (O) -- (0,1.30,0) node[below right] {$y$};
\draw[-stealth] (O) -- (0,0,2.3) node[above] {$z$};
% Charges
\begin{scope}[on background layer]
\foreach \p [count=\i] in \arrayP {
    \draw[thick, -stealth] (O) -- \p;
    \ifnum\i=4
     \draw[thick, blue, -stealth] \p -- (Q) node[pos=0.8,right=1ex] {$\vec{r}-\pvec{r}'_{\i}$};
    \fi
%    
}
\end{scope}
\foreach \p [count=\i] in \arrayP {
    \path \p node[anchor=270-90*\i] {$\pvec{r}'_{\i}$};
    \ifnum\i=1
     \draw[thick, blue, -stealth] \p -- (Q) node[pos=0.6,right=1ex] {$\vec{r}-\pvec{r}'_{\i}$};
     \else
      \ifnum\i<4
       \draw[thick, blue, -stealth] \p -- (Q) node[pos=0.6,left=1ex] {$\vec{r}-\pvec{r}'_{\i}$};
      \fi
    \fi
}
% Differential fields
\foreach \p [count=\i] in \arrayE {
    \draw[thick, red, -stealth] (Q) -- \p 
    node[pos=1,anchor={-135+(\i<3 ?90*mod(\i,2):135*mod(\i+1,2))}] {$\mathrm{d}\vec{E}_{\i}$};
}
% Total field
\draw[thick, teal, -stealth] (Q) -- ($\Er*(dE1) + \Er*(dE2) + \Er*(dE3) + \Er*(dE4)$) node[right] {$\vec{E}$};

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

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