\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[margin=2cm, top=2cm, includefoot]{geometry}
\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, amsfonts, latexsym, cancel}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
\usepackage{import}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
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\usetikzlibrary{patterns}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.16}
%DEFINIR COLORES------------------------------------------------------------
\definecolor{verdePortada}{HTML}{25662E}
%DEFINIR ALGUNAS VARIABLES--------------------------------------------------------
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Indice}
\renewcommand{\figurename}{Figura}
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\begin{document}
Y finalmente, como el seno para ángulos $<$10º se puede sustituir por el ángulo:
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}+\frac{g}{L}\cdot \theta=0
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,>=latex,->]
\begin{scope}
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
\begin{equation}
\theta=\theta_{max}\cdot sen(\omega \cdot t+\varphi)
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,>=latex,->]
\begin{scope}
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
\begin{equation}
\omega=\sqrt{\frac{g}{L}}
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,>=latex,->]
\begin{scope}
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
\begin{equation}
T=\frac{2\cdot \pi}{\omega}
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,>=latex,->]
\begin{scope}
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
\begin{equation}
T=2\cdot \pi \cdot\sqrt{\frac{L}{g}}
\end{equation}
\end{document}
答案1
您误用了figure环境，请将其替换figure为center。环境的全部意义figure在于它可以移动以确保更好的分页符，即避免页面末尾出现大量空白。在这种情况下，您不希望内容浮动，并且您无意添加标题，因此figure使用的环境是错误的。
但是，我可能会使用单个gather环境（来自amsmath包），并在单独的行上添加箭头\nonumber。下面的代码演示了这两种方法。
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{amsmath}
% create a custom command for the arrow, so you don't have to repeat
% everything every time
% \tikz is a shortform for \begin{tikzpicture} .. \end{tikzpicture}
\newcommand\MyDownarrow{\tikz\draw[-latex, thick] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);}
\begin{document}
\section{I'd do this instead}
Y finalmente, como el seno para ángulos $<$10º se puede sustituir por el ángulo:
\begin{gather}
\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}+\frac{g}{L}\cdot \theta=0 \\
\MyDownarrow \nonumber \\
\theta=\theta_{\mathrm{max}}\cdot \operatorname{sen}(\omega \cdot t+\varphi) \\
\MyDownarrow \nonumber \\
\omega=\sqrt{\frac{g}{L}} \\
\MyDownarrow \nonumber \\
T=\frac{2\cdot \pi}{\omega} \\
\MyDownarrow \nonumber \\
T=2\cdot \pi \cdot\sqrt{\frac{L}{g}}
\end{gather}
Para ángulos $>$10º se usa el desarrollo de taylor del seno.
\section{But just replacing figure with center and removing the scopes}
Y finalmente, como el seno para ángulos $<$10º se puede sustituir por el ángulo:
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}+\frac{g}{L}\cdot \theta=0
\end{equation}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,>=latex,->]
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\begin{equation}
\theta=\theta_{\mathrm{max}}\cdot \operatorname{sen}(\omega \cdot t+\varphi)
\end{equation}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,>=latex,->]
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\begin{equation}
\omega=\sqrt{\frac{g}{L}}
\end{equation}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,>=latex,->]
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\begin{equation}
T=\frac{2\cdot \pi}{\omega}
\end{equation}
\begin{center}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,>=latex,->]
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,-0.4);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\begin{equation}
T=2\cdot \pi \cdot\sqrt{\frac{L}{g}}
\end{equation}
Para ángulos $>$10º se usa el desarrollo de taylor del seno.
\end{document}
