如何才能改善以下 TikZ 图形的标题对齐方式和整体美感?
\documentclass[border=3pt,tikz]{report}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{caption}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} % for arrow size
\tikzset{>=latex}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{minipage}{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - NORMAL (Unloaded)
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\tikzstyle{metal}=[draw=metalcol!30!black,rounded corners=0.1,top color=metalcol,bottom color=metalcol!80!black,shading angle=10]
\tikzstyle{force}=[->,red!65!black]
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[metal]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Unloaded}
\end{minipage}%
\hfill% not: "\hspace{0.5cm}"
\begin{minipage}{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - TENSION
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\tikzstyle{metal}=[draw=metalcol!30!black,rounded corners=0.1,top color=metalcol,bottom color=metalcol!80!black,shading angle=10]
\tikzstyle{force}=[->,red!65!black]
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\def\h{1.12*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,0) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-3.3,7.5) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!blue,bottom color=metalcol!80!blue!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-84,in=84] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=96,in=-96]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h) --++ (0,0,\F);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Tension}
\end{minipage}%
\hfill% not: "\hspace{0.5cm}"
\begin{minipage}{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - COMPRESSION
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\tikzstyle{metal}=[draw=metalcol!30!black,rounded corners=0.1,top color=metalcol,bottom color=metalcol!80!black,shading angle=10]
\tikzstyle{force}=[->,red!65!black]
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\def\h{0.88*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,-\F) --++ (0,0,\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-2.7,6.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!78!red,bottom color=metalcol!78!red!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=85,in=-85]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-99,in=99] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=81,in=-81]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-85,in=85] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h+\F) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Compression}
\end{minipage}
\hfill% not: "\hspace{0.5cm}"
\begin{minipage}{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - BENDING (flexion)
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\tikzstyle{metal}=[draw=metalcol!30!black,rounded corners=0.1,top color=metalcol,bottom color=metalcol!80!black,shading angle=10]
\tikzstyle{force}=[->,red!65!black]
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\def\dh{0.02*\H}
\draw[force] (0,0.3*\W,0.85*\H) --++ (-\F,0,-0.25*\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-2.7,4.8) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.4*\W,0.13*\H) --++ (-\F,0, 0.10*\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.2,0.3) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!70!orange,bottom color=metalcol!70!orange!80!black]
(0,0,\dh) -- (\W,0,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (0,0,\H-\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(\W,0,-\dh) -- (\W,\W,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(0,0,\H-\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (0,\W,\H-\dh) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Bending}
\end{minipage}
\hfill% not: "\hspace{0.5cm}"
\begin{minipage}{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - TORSION
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\tikzstyle{metal}=[draw=metalcol!30!black,rounded corners=0.1,top color=metalcol,bottom color=metalcol!80!black,shading angle=10]
\tikzstyle{force}=[->,red!65!black]
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\def\F{0.41*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,0.04*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (-\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.96*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (-\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-3,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (-\W,0,\H) -- cycle;
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,-\W,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=-92,in=90] cycle;
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,\W,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.10*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.90*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.61,1) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Torsion}
\end{minipage}
\hfill% not: "\hspace{0.5cm}"
\begin{minipage}{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - SHEAR
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\tikzstyle{metal}=[draw=metalcol!30!black,rounded corners=0.1,top color=metalcol,bottom color=metalcol!80!black,shading angle=10]
\tikzstyle{force}=[->,red!65!black]
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\def\dw{\W}
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,\W/2,0.01*\H) --++ (-\F,0,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.2,5.3) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!78!purple,bottom color=metalcol!78!purple!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(\dw,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W+\dw,\W/2,0.98*\H) --++ (\F,0,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Shear}
\end{minipage}
\vspace*{3mm}
\caption{Most common types of material deformations}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
这段代码实际上导致了以下糟糕的结果:
答案1
我认为 egreg 的解决方案非常优雅,但由于我已经完成了我的解决方案,所以我也只是发布了它。它只使用一个 TikZ 环境,但将每个块放在一个范围内,因此我不必调整一堆坐标。此外,我通过将范围移动 1/6 来猜测宽度\textwidth
。对于给定的 MWE,这会导致(不缩放 tikzpicture)出现过满的 hbox,但由于 MWE 本身有一个过满的 hbox,我猜测实际情况textwidth
允许它在不缩放的情况下工作。
\documentclass[border=3pt,tikz]{report}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{caption}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} % for arrow size
\tikzset{>=latex}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[H]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\tikzstyle{metal}=[draw=metalcol!30!black,rounded corners=0.1,top color=metalcol,bottom color=metalcol!80!black,shading angle=10]
\tikzstyle{force}=[->,red!65!black]
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.96,x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
% BLOCK - NORMAL (Unloaded)
\draw[metal]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\node[anchor=center] at (\W/2,\W/2,-1.2){Unloaded\vphantom{p}};
% BLOCK - TENSION
\begin{scope}[xshift=1/6*\textwidth]
\def\h{1.12*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,0) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-3.3,7.5) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!blue,bottom color=metalcol!80!blue!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-84,in=84] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=96,in=-96]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h) --++ (0,0,\F);
\node[anchor=center] at (\W/2,\W/2,-1.2){Tension\vphantom{p}};
\end{scope}
% BLOCK - COMPRESSION
\begin{scope}[xshift=2/6*\textwidth]
\def\h{0.88*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,-\F) --++ (0,0,\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-2.7,6.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!78!red,bottom color=metalcol!78!red!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=85,in=-85]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-99,in=99] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=81,in=-81]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-85,in=85] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h+\F) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\node[anchor=center] at (\W/2,\W/2,-1.2){Compression};
\end{scope}
% BLOCK - BENDING (flexion)
\begin{scope}[xshift=3/6*\textwidth]
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\def\dh{0.02*\H}
\draw[force] (0,0.3*\W,0.85*\H) --++ (-\F,0,-0.25*\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-2.7,4.8) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.4*\W,0.13*\H) --++ (-\F,0, 0.10*\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.2,0.3) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!70!orange,bottom color=metalcol!70!orange!80!black]
(0,0,\dh) -- (\W,0,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (0,0,\H-\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(\W,0,-\dh) -- (\W,\W,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(0,0,\H-\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (0,\W,\H-\dh) -- cycle;
\node[anchor=center] at (\W/2,\W/2,-1.2){Bending};
\end{scope}
% BLOCK - TORSION
\begin{scope}[xshift=4/6*\textwidth]
\def\F{0.41*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,0.04*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (-\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.96*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (-\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-3,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (-\W,0,\H) -- cycle;
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,-\W,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=-92,in=90] cycle;
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,\W,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.10*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.90*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.61,1) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\node[anchor=center] at (\W/2,\W/2,-1.2){Torsion\vphantom{p}};
\end{scope}
% BLOCK - SHEAR
\begin{scope}[xshift=5/6*\textwidth]
\def\dw{\W}
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,\W/2,0.01*\H) --++ (-\F,0,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.2,5.3) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!78!purple,bottom color=metalcol!78!purple!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(\dw,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W+\dw,\W/2,0.98*\H) --++ (\F,0,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\node[anchor=center] at (\W/2+\dw/2,\W/2,-1.2){Shear\vphantom{p}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Most common types of material deformations}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
这个解决方案可能不太优雅,但是它将光束等距分布,而不是均匀分布其间的空间,以防人们更喜欢这样。
答案2
我建议使用 outer tabular*
,这样你就不用猜测宽度了。每张图片都在自己的tabular
环境中,所以它们会垂直对齐。
我习惯于\footnotesize
不超出文本宽度。也许您可以根据文档的实际文本宽度来使用\small
或根本不使用。
请注意,\tikzstyle
几年前就已被弃用了。
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} % for arrow size
\tikzset{
>=latex,
metal/.style={
draw=metalcol!30!black,
rounded corners=0.1,
top color=metalcol,
bottom color=metalcol!80!black,
shading angle=10,
},
force/.style={->,red!65!black}
}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering\footnotesize
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0pt}
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}}cccccc@{}}
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}
% BLOCK - NORMAL (Unloaded)
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[metal]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{tabular}
&
% BLOCK - TENSION
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\def\h{1.12*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,0) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-3.3,7.5) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!blue,bottom color=metalcol!80!blue!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-84,in=84] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=96,in=-96]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h) --++ (0,0,\F);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{tabular}
&
% BLOCK - COMPRESSION
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\def\h{0.88*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,-\F) --++ (0,0,\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-2.7,6.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!78!red,bottom color=metalcol!78!red!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=85,in=-85]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-99,in=99] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=81,in=-81]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-85,in=85] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h+\F) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{tabular}
&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}
% BLOCK - BENDING (flexion)
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\def\dh{0.02*\H}
\draw[force] (0,0.3*\W,0.85*\H) --++ (-\F,0,-0.25*\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-2.7,4.8) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.4*\W,0.13*\H) --++ (-\F,0, 0.10*\F);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.2,0.3) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!70!orange,bottom color=metalcol!70!orange!80!black]
(0,0,\dh) -- (\W,0,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (0,0,\H-\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(\W,0,-\dh) -- (\W,\W,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(0,0,\H-\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (0,\W,\H-\dh) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{tabular}
&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}
% BLOCK - TORSION
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.41*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,0.04*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (-\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.96*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (-\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-3,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (-\W,0,\H) -- cycle;
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,-\W,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=-92,in=90] cycle;
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!80!green,bottom color=metalcol!80!green!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,\W,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.10*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.90*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (1.61,1) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{tabular}
&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}
% BLOCK - SHEAR
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)}]
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\dw{\W}
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,\W/2,0.01*\H) --++ (-\F,0,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.2,5.3) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal,top color=metalcol!78!purple,bottom color=metalcol!78!purple!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(\dw,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W+\dw,\W/2,0.98*\H) --++ (\F,0,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{tabular}
\\
Unloaded & Tension & Compression & Bending & Torsion & Shear
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Most common types of material deformations}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
答案3
第一步:使图形代码更短,使用subfigure
odsubcaption
包对子标题进行垂直对齐:
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} % for arrow size
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\tikzset{
>=Straight Barb,
x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)},
metal/.style args = {#1/#2}{draw=metalcol!30!black, rounded corners=0.1,
top color=metalcol!#1, bottom color=metalcol!#2,
shading angle=10},
force/.style = {->,red!65!black}
}
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.16\linewidth}
\begin{tikzpicture}
%
\draw[metal=1/80!black] %top color=metalcol,bottom color=metalcol!80!black
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Unloaded}
\end{subfigure}%
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.16\linewidth}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\h{1.12*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,0) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\node[below,left] at (-3.3,7.5) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below,left] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal=80!blue/80!blue!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-84,in=84] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=96,in=-96]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h) --++ (0,0,\F);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Tension}
\end{subfigure}%
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.16\linewidth}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\h{0.88*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,-\F) --++ (0,0,\F);
\node[below,left] at (-2.7,6.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below,left] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal=78!red/78!red!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=85,in=-85]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-99,in=99] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=81,in=-81]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-85,in=85] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h+\F) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Compression}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - BENDING (flexion)
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\dh{0.02*\H}
\draw[force] (0,0.3*\W,0.85*\H) --++ (-\F,0,-0.25*\F);
\node[below,left] at (-2.7,4.8) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.4*\W,0.13*\H) --++ (-\F,0, 0.10*\F);
\node[below,left] at (-0.2,0.3) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[metal=70!orange/70!orange!80!black]%top color=metalcol!70!orange,bottom color=metalcol!70!orange!80!black]
(0,0,\dh) -- (\W,0,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (0,0,\H-\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(\W,0,-\dh) -- (\W,\W,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(0,0,\H-\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (0,\W,\H-\dh) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Bending}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - TORSION
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\F{0.41*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,0.04*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (-\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below,left] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.96*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (-\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below,left] at (-3,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal=80!green/80!green!80!black]
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (-\W,0,\H) -- cycle;
\draw[metal=80!green/80!green!80!black]
(0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,-\W,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=-92,in=90] cycle;
\draw[metal=80!green/80!green!80!black]%top
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,\W,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.10*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below,left] at (-0.6,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.90*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below,left] at (1.61,1) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Torsion}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}{0.16\linewidth}
% BLOCK - SHEAR
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\dw{\W}
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,\W/2,0.01*\H) --++ (-\F,0,0);
\node[below,left] at (-0.2,5.3) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal=78!purple/78!purple!80!black]%,top color=metalcol!78!purple,bottom color=metalcol!78!purple!80!black
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(\dw,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W+\dw,\W/2,0.98*\H) --++ (\F,0,0);
\node[below,left] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption*{Shear}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Most common types of material deformations}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
第二步:使用 垂直对齐图像baseline=(current bounding box.center)
并将 插入tikzpicture
到tvlr
表中。使用此图代码进一步缩短。您可能想要的是:
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} % for arrow size
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\tikzset{
>=Straight Barb,
x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)},y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)},z={(0,1cm)},
metal/.style args = {#1/#2}{draw=metalcol!30!black, rounded corners=0.1,
top color=metalcol!#1, bottom color=metalcol!#2,
shading angle=10},
force/.style = {->,red!65!black},
baseline=(current bounding box.center)
}
\def\W{0.7} % side width
\def\H{1.6} % total height
\def\F{0.28*\H} % force magnitude
\begin{tblr}{colspec = {@{} *{6}{X[c]} @{}}}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw[metal=1/80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
&
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\h{1.12*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,0) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\node[below,left] at (-3.3,7.5) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below,left] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal=80!blue/80!blue!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-84,in=84] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=96,in=-96]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h) --++ (0,0,\F);
\end{tikzpicture}
&
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\h{0.88*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,-\F) --++ (0,0,\F);
\node[below,left] at (-2.7,6.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\node[below,left] at (1.6,-1.4) {$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal=78!red/78!red!80!black]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=85,in=-85]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-99,in=99] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=81,in=-81]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-85,in=85] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h+\F) --++ (0,0,-\F);
\end{tikzpicture}
&
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\dh{0.02*\H}
\draw[force] (0,0.3*\W,0.85*\H) --++ (-\F,0,-0.25*\F);
\node[below,left] at (-2.7,4.8) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.4*\W,0.13*\H) --++ (-\F,0, 0.10*\F);
\node[below,left] at (-0.2,0.3) {$\vec{M}$};
\draw[metal=70!orange/70!orange!80!black]%top color=metalcol!70!orange,bottom color=metalcol!70!orange!80!black]
(0,0,\dh) -- (\W,0,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (0,0,\H-\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(\W,0,-\dh) -- (\W,\W,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(0,0,\H-\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (0,\W,\H-\dh) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
&
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\F{0.41*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,0.04*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (-\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below,left] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.96*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (-\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below,left] at (-3,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal=80!green/80!green!80!black]
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (-\W,0,\H) -- cycle;
\draw[metal=80!green/80!green!80!black]
(0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,-\W,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=-92,in=90] cycle;
\draw[metal=80!green/80!green!80!black]%top
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,\W,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.10*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (\F, 0.2*\F,0);
\node[below,left] at (-0.6,4.8) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.90*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (\F,-0.2*\F,0);
\node[below,left] at (1.61,1) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
&
\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\dw{\W}
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,\W/2,0.01*\H) --++ (-\F,0,0);
\node[below,left] at (-0.2,5.3) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal=78!purple/78!purple!80!black]%,top color=metalcol!78!purple,bottom color=metalcol!78!purple!80!black
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(\dw,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W+\dw,\W/2,0.98*\H) --++ (\F,0,0);
\node[below=0pt,left=0pt] at (-0.6,0.4) {$\vec{\tau}$};
\end{tikzpicture} \\
Unloaded & Tension & Compression & Bending & Torsion & Shear
\end{tblr}
\caption{Most common types of material deformations}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
答案4
TikZ 矩阵:
between origins
将变形块均匀分布在宽度上(当然,只有当它们的宽度大致相同时,这种方法才有效)。修剪使左侧(以视觉中间为中心)与右侧(剪切相比之下,图表向右突出得很远)。
因此,剪切图中的节点比其他节点位于更靠内的位置。
您可以使用类似的东西
column sep = 2\tabcolsep
来模拟环境的水平间距tabular
。那么重要的是第二行中的节点没有分离,以便它们紧密地位于其列中。
注意我使用了相同的
force
路径压缩至于紧张但只是颠倒了箭头。该
geometry
包用于显示文本区域。
代码
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{float}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, calc} % for arrow size
\tikzset{
tight matrix/.style={
matrix, every outer matrix/.append style={
inner sep=+0pt, outer sep=+0pt, shape=rectangle, path only}},
material deformations diagrams/.style={
/utils/exec=%
\colorlet{metalcol}{blue!25!black!20!white}%
\def\W{0.7}% side width
\def\H{1.6}% total height
\def\F{0.28*\H},%force magnitude
metal/.style={
rounded corners=0.1, draw=metalcol!30!black, shading angle=10,
top color=metalcol!##1, bottom color=metalcol!##1!80!black},
metal/.default=80!black,
force/.style={>=Latex, ->, draw=red!65!black},
x={(0.72cm,-0.08cm)}, y={(0.40cm,0.30cm)}, z={(0,1cm)}}}
\usepackage[showframe]{geometry}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[material deformations diagrams,
% to make the left side as wide as the right side
% centered around the middle of subfigures
trim left=($(current bounding box.east)!2!($(n3)!.5!(n4)$)$),
% this does the same visually but doesn't warn about overfull hboxes:
% trim left=(n1), trim right=(n6)
]
\matrix[
tight matrix, row sep=+.7em,
%
% I'd suggest between origins for distributing the figures equally
% for this, we name the nodes and use them
% to trim the picture so that it is centered
% we actually subtract a bit from the available width
% because the Shear picture extrudes very much to the right
column sep={\linewidth/6,between origins},
%
% The middle of the defomred blocks are roughly centered above the text:
row 1/.append code=\tikzset{shift={(-\W/2,-\W/2)}},
%
% anchor = base: for vertical alignment of nodes
% no seps: for as tight as possible (when not *between origins*)
% node names: for trimming
row 2/.append style={inner sep=+0pt, outer sep=+0pt, anchor=base,
nodes={name=n\the\pgfmatrixcurrentcolumn}}]{
\draw[metal, top color=metalcol]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (0,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
&
\def\h{1.12*\H}
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,0) --++ (0,0,-\F) node[below]{$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal=80!blue]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-84,in=84] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=96,in=-96]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W/2,\W/2,\h) --++ (0,0,\F) node[above]{$\vec{\sigma}$};
&
\def\h{0.88*\H}
\draw[force, <-] (\W/2,\W/2,0) --++ (0,0,-\F) node[below]{$\vec{\sigma}$};
\draw[metal=78!red]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=85,in=-85]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (-\W,0,0) to[out=-99,in=99] cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=81,in=-81]++ (0,0,\h) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-85,in=85] cycle
(0,0,\h) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force, <-] (\W/2,\W/2,\h) --++ (0,0,\F) node[above]{$\vec{\sigma}$};
&
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\def\dh{0.02*\H}
\draw[force] (0,0.3*\W,0.85*\H) --++ (-\F,0,-0.25*\F) node[left]{$\vec{M}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.4*\W,0.13*\H) --++ (-\F,0, 0.10*\F) node[left]{$\vec{M}$};
\draw[metal=70!orange]
(0,0,\dh) -- (\W,0,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (0,0,\H-\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(\W,0,-\dh) -- (\W,\W,-\dh) to[out=80,in=-80] (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) to[out=-80,in=80] cycle
(0,0,\H-\dh) -- (\W,0,\H+\dh) -- (\W,\W,\H+\dh) -- (0,\W,\H-\dh) -- cycle;
&
\def\F{0.41*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,0.04*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (-\F, 0.2*\F,0) node[left]{$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (0,0.96*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (-\F,-0.2*\F,0) node[left]{$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal=80!green]
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (-\W,0,\H) -- cycle;
\draw[metal=80!green]
(0,\W,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,-\W,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=-92,in=90] cycle;
\draw[metal=80!green]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) to[out=92,in=-92]++ (0,\W,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) to[out=-92,in=92] cycle
(0,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.10*\W,0.98*\H) --++ (\F, 0.2*\F,0) node[right]{$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[force] (1.02*\W,0.90*\W,0.02*\H) --++ (\F,-0.2*\F,0) node[right]{$\vec{\tau}$};
&
\def\dw{\W}
\def\F{0.38*\H} % force magnitude
\draw[force] (0,\W/2,0.01*\H) --++ (-\F,0,0) node[above right]{$\vec{\tau}$};
\draw[metal=78!purple]
(0,0,0) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle
(\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (\dw,0,\H) --++ (0,-\W,0) -- cycle
(\dw,0,\H) --++ (\W,0,0) --++ (0,\W,0) --++ (-\W,0,0) -- cycle;
\draw[force] (\W+\dw,\W/2,0.98*\H) --++ (\F,0,0) node[below left]{$\vec{\tau}$};
\\
\node{Unloaded}; & \node{Tension}; & \node{Compression}; & \node{Bending}; & \node{Torsion}; & \node{Shear};
\\};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Most common types of material deformations}
\end{figure}
\end{document}