创建包含预期值在内的多条轨迹的布朗运动图

Question

我正在尝试复制 Bernt Øksendal 教科书封面上的布朗运动图随机微分方程使用 LaTeX。

我对编码有点迷茫。不需要数学。我查过一个类似的主题（布朗运动 - 重复)，但这些都没有在图中出现 E[X_t] 线。另外，我不确定如何校正布朗运动轨迹（因为其中一些轨迹变为负值，与教科书封面图不同）以及 x 轴和 y 轴的标记。

我的尝试

    \documentclass[12pt, a4paper]{article} %uploading the libraries
    \usepackage{pgfplots, pgfplotstable}
    \usepackage[font=small,labelfont=bf,labelsep=colon]{caption}
    \begin{document}
    \pgfmathsetseed{5}
    % creating the Brownian motion trajectories
    \pgfplotstablenew[
        create on use/randwalk1/.style={
            create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma + 0.1*rand}{0}
        },
        create on use/randwalk2/.style={
            create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma + 0.1*rand}{0}
        },
        create on use/randwalk3/.style={
            create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma + 0.1*rand}{0}
        },
        create on use/randwalk4/.style={
            create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma + 0.1*rand}{0}
        },
        create on use/randwalk5/.style={
            create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma + 0.1*rand}{0}
        },
        columns={randwalk1,randwalk2,randwalk3,randwalk4,randwalk5}
    ]
    {700}
    % adjusting the plot axes and titles
    \loadedtable
    \begin{figure}[H]
    \caption{Brownian Motion}
    \centering 
    \begin{tikzpicture}
    \begin{axis}[
    legend pos=outer north east,
    axis y line=left, 
    axis x line=middle,
    xlabel= {\scriptsize $t$},
    ylabel = {\scriptsize $X_{t}$},
    ylabel style = {yshift=-12pt},
    xticklabels={,,},
    yticklabels={,,},
    tick style={draw=none},
    line join=bevel,
    no markers,
    table/x expr={\coordindex/100},
    xmin=0,
    ymin=-0.5, ymax=3,
    enlarge x limits=false
   % now, putting it all together
    ]
    \addplot table [y expr={max(\thisrow{randwalk1},-5.0)}] {\loadedtable};
    \addplot table [y expr={min(\thisrow{randwalk2},5.0)}] {\loadedtable};
    \addplot table [y expr={min(\thisrow{randwalk3},5.0)}] {\loadedtable};
    \addplot table [y expr={min(\thisrow{randwalk4},5.0)}] {\loadedtable};
    \addplot table [y expr=\thisrow{randwalk5}] {\loadedtable};
    \draw (axis cs:5,5) (axis cs:5,-5);
    \legend {{\footnotesize $X_t(\omega_1)$}, {\footnotesize $X_t(\omega_2)$}, {\footnotesize  $X_t(\omega_3)$},{\footnotesize  $X_t(\omega_4)$},{\footnotesize  $X_t(\omega_5)$}};
    \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
    \end{figure}
    \end{document}

Answer 1

问题是，rand在pgf上确实会生成一个均匀分布的随机值[-1,1]，而不是正态随机值。因此，严格来说，下面的代码并没有绘制 GBM。但它看起来类似于 GBM 图。您可以看到，我还在0.003指数中添加了一些漂移，以使轨迹更有可能像原始图一样增加。由于是rand均匀的，我已经计算E(exp(0.003+0.1*rand))=exp(0.003)*5*(exp(0.1)-exp(-0.1))并使用此表达式来绘制期望值。

\documentclass[12pt, a4paper]{article} %uploading the libraries
\usepackage{pgfplots, pgfplotstable}
\usepackage[font=small,labelfont=bf,labelsep=colon]{caption}
\begin{document}
\pgfmathsetseed{5}
% creating the Brownian motion trajectories
\pgfplotstablenew[
    create on use/randwalk1/.style={
      create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma * exp(0.003+0.1*rand)}{1}
    },
    create on use/randwalk2/.style={
      create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma * exp(0.003+0.1*rand)}{1}
    },
    create on use/randwalk3/.style={
      create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma * exp(0.003+0.1*rand)}{1}
    },
    create on use/randwalk4/.style={
      create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma * exp(0.003+0.1*rand)}{1}
    },
    create on use/randwalk5/.style={
      create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma * exp(0.003+0.1*rand)}{1}
    },
    create on use/expectation/.style={
      create col/expr accum={\pgfmathaccuma * exp(0.003)*5*(exp(0.1)-exp(-0.1))}{1}
    },
    columns={randwalk1,randwalk2,randwalk3,randwalk4,randwalk5,expectation}
]
{700}
% adjusting the plot axes and titles
\loadedtable
\begin{figure}[h]
\caption{Brownian Motion}
\centering 
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
legend pos=outer north east,
axis y line=left, 
axis x line=middle,
xlabel={\scriptsize $t$},
ylabel={\scriptsize $X_{t}$},
ylabel style={yshift=-12pt},
xticklabels={,,},
yticklabels={,,},
tick style={draw=none},
line join=bevel,
no markers,
table/x expr={\coordindex/100},
xmin=0,
ymin=0,
enlarge x limits=false
]
\addplot table [y expr=\thisrow{randwalk1}] {\loadedtable};
\addplot table [y expr=\thisrow{randwalk2}] {\loadedtable};
\addplot table [y expr=\thisrow{randwalk3}] {\loadedtable};
\addplot table [y expr=\thisrow{randwalk4}] {\loadedtable};
\addplot table [y expr=\thisrow{randwalk5}] {\loadedtable};
\addplot table [y expr=\thisrow{expectation}] {\loadedtable};
\draw (axis cs:5,5) (axis cs:5,-5);
\legend {{\footnotesize $X_t(\omega_1)$},
         {\footnotesize $X_t(\omega_2)$},
         {\footnotesize $X_t(\omega_3)$},
         {\footnotesize $X_t(\omega_4)$},
         {\footnotesize $X_t(\omega_5)$},
         {\footnotesize $E[X_t]$}};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
\end{document}