我怎样才能修复这个多列而不破坏我的表格？

Question 1

随附包装xurl您不必担心 URL 连字符（请参阅这里）。

我也使用了threparttable表格注释和普通注释tblr（只是为了给你提供另一个替代方案，相对于我开始使用的 NonnoDino 注释）。

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs, siunitx}
\NewColumnType{V}[1]{X[m,c,si={table-format=#1}]}
\sisetup{table-number-alignment=center, exponent-product=\cdot}
\usepackage[para]{threeparttable}

\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}

\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{xurl}

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[h]
\caption{Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in t)}
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tblr}{colspec={|X[m,c]|V{3.3}V{2.3}V{2.3}|},
row{even} = {brown!20}, row{1} = {brown!80}
}
\toprule
Jahr    & {{{Stickstoff (N)}}}    & {{{Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})}}}  & {{{Kalium (\ce{K2O})}}} \\
\midrule
2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\
2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\
2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\
2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\
1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\
1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
\bottomrule
\end{tblr}
\begin{tablenotes}
Quelle = \url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281_Dungemittel_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf} (besucht am 20-01-2024)
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable} 
\end{table}
\end{document}

但是，如果你正在编写正式文件并且没有人强制你使用这种风格，那么最好使用专业的表格，如下所示：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\sisetup{table-number-alignment=center, exponent-product=\cdot}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\newcolumntype{V}[1]{S[table-format =#1]}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}

\usepackage[para]{threeparttable}

\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}

\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{xurl}

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[h]\centering
\caption{Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in t)}
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{cV{3.3}V{2.3}V{2.3}}
\toprule
Jahr    & {Stickstoff (N)}    & {Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})}  & {Kalium (\ce{K2O})} \\
\midrule
2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\
2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\
2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\
2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\
1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\
1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
Quelle = \url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281_Dungemittel_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf} (besucht am 20-01-2024)
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable} 
\end{table}
\end{document}

Answer

随附包装xurl您不必担心 URL 连字符（请参阅这里）。

我也使用了threparttable表格注释和普通注释tblr（只是为了给你提供另一个替代方案，相对于我开始使用的 NonnoDino 注释）。

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs, siunitx}
\NewColumnType{V}[1]{X[m,c,si={table-format=#1}]}
\sisetup{table-number-alignment=center, exponent-product=\cdot}
\usepackage[para]{threeparttable}

\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}

\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{xurl}

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[h]
\caption{Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in t)}
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tblr}{colspec={|X[m,c]|V{3.3}V{2.3}V{2.3}|},
row{even} = {brown!20}, row{1} = {brown!80}
}
\toprule
Jahr    & {{{Stickstoff (N)}}}    & {{{Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})}}}  & {{{Kalium (\ce{K2O})}}} \\
\midrule
2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\
2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\
2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\
2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\
1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\
1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
\bottomrule
\end{tblr}
\begin{tablenotes}
Quelle = \url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281_Dungemittel_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf} (besucht am 20-01-2024)
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable} 
\end{table}
\end{document}

但是，如果你正在编写正式文件并且没有人强制你使用这种风格，那么最好使用专业的表格，如下所示：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\sisetup{table-number-alignment=center, exponent-product=\cdot}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\newcolumntype{V}[1]{S[table-format =#1]}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}

\usepackage[para]{threeparttable}

\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}

\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{xurl}

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[h]\centering
\caption{Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in t)}
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{cV{3.3}V{2.3}V{2.3}}
\toprule
Jahr    & {Stickstoff (N)}    & {Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})}  & {Kalium (\ce{K2O})} \\
\midrule
2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\
2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\
2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\
2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\
1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\
1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
Quelle = \url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281_Dungemittel_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf} (besucht am 20-01-2024)
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable} 
\end{table}
\end{document}

Question 2

我建议使用url包，它提供了\url专门为排版 URL 而设计的命令。我还用它\parbox来创建一个段落，这样我就可以在多行上写 URL。这是您修改后的代码：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}
\usepackage{url} % <--- I have added this package here
\begin{document}
\begin{table}[h]
    \caption{Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in t)}
    \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{\begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{4cm}p{4cm}p{4cm}|}
            \noalign{\global\arrayrulewidth=0,25mm}
            \hline \rowcolor{brown!80}
            Jahr    & Stickstoff (N)    & Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})  & Kalium (\ce{K2O}) \\
            \hline \rowcolor{brown!20}
            2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\
            
            2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
            \rowcolor{brown!20}
            2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\
            
            2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
            \rowcolor{brown!20}
            2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\
            
            2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
            \rowcolor{brown!20}
            2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\
            
            1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
            \rowcolor{brown!20}
            1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\
            
            1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
            \hline
            % I have modified the line below ⬇
            \multicolumn{4}{l}{\parbox{\linewidth}{Quelle: \url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281_Dungemittel_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf} (besucht am 20-01-2024)}}
    \end{tabular}}
\end{table}
\end{document}

不过，我确实认为这排版很差。我建议使用tabularray包，它提供许多选项，例如能够为单元格、列或行的范围设置特定颜色（甚至可以指定偶数和奇数）。tabularray还支持表格下方的注释。以下是使用该包创建表格的代码tabularray：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\PassOptionsToPackage{table}{xcolor}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs, siunitx}
\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\usepackage{siunitx}

\NewColumnType{V}[1]{X[m,c,si={table-format=#1}]}
\sisetup{table-number-alignment=center, exponent-product=\cdot}
\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage{url}
\begin{document}

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{longtblr}[caption={Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in t)},
remark{Quelle} = {\quad\parbox{0.85\linewidth}{\url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281_Dungemittel_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf}\\(besucht am 20-01-2024)}}]{colspec={|X[m,c]|V{3.3}V{2.3}V{2.3}|},
row{even} = {brown!20}, row{1} = {brown!80}
}
\toprule
Jahr    & {{{Stickstoff (N)}}}    & {{{Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})}}}  & {{{Kalium (\ce{K2O})}}} \\
\midrule
2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\
2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\
2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\
2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\
1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\
1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtblr}
\end{table}

\end{document}

注意：siunitx和booktabs包可以在简单的表格环境中使用。第一个包提供了完美排版数字的选项（在此示例中，您可以看到所有数字都已按点垂直对齐），第二个包提供了更好的行间距和专为表格设计的水平规则，例如\toprule、\midrule和\bottomrule。

Answer

我建议使用url包，它提供了\url专门为排版 URL 而设计的命令。我还用它\parbox来创建一个段落，这样我就可以在多行上写 URL。这是您修改后的代码：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}
\usepackage{url} % <--- I have added this package here
\begin{document}
\begin{table}[h]
    \caption{Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in t)}
    \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{\begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{4cm}p{4cm}p{4cm}|}
            \noalign{\global\arrayrulewidth=0,25mm}
            \hline \rowcolor{brown!80}
            Jahr    & Stickstoff (N)    & Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})  & Kalium (\ce{K2O}) \\
            \hline \rowcolor{brown!20}
            2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\
            
            2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
            \rowcolor{brown!20}
            2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\
            
            2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
            \rowcolor{brown!20}
            2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\
            
            2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
            \rowcolor{brown!20}
            2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\
            
            1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
            \rowcolor{brown!20}
            1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\
            
            1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
            \hline
            % I have modified the line below ⬇
            \multicolumn{4}{l}{\parbox{\linewidth}{Quelle: \url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281_Dungemittel_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf} (besucht am 20-01-2024)}}
    \end{tabular}}
\end{table}
\end{document}

不过，我确实认为这排版很差。我建议使用tabularray包，它提供许多选项，例如能够为单元格、列或行的范围设置特定颜色（甚至可以指定偶数和奇数）。tabularray还支持表格下方的注释。以下是使用该包创建表格的代码tabularray：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\PassOptionsToPackage{table}{xcolor}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs, siunitx}
\usepackage[version=3]{mhchem}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\usepackage{siunitx}

\NewColumnType{V}[1]{X[m,c,si={table-format=#1}]}
\sisetup{table-number-alignment=center, exponent-product=\cdot}
\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage{url}
\begin{document}

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{longtblr}[caption={Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in t)},
remark{Quelle} = {\quad\parbox{0.85\linewidth}{\url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281_Dungemittel_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf}\\(besucht am 20-01-2024)}}]{colspec={|X[m,c]|V{3.3}V{2.3}V{2.3}|},
row{even} = {brown!20}, row{1} = {brown!80}
}
\toprule
Jahr    & {{{Stickstoff (N)}}}    & {{{Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})}}}  & {{{Kalium (\ce{K2O})}}} \\
\midrule
2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\
2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\
2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\
2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\
1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\
1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtblr}
\end{table}

\end{document}

注意：siunitx和booktabs包可以在简单的表格环境中使用。第一个包提供了完美排版数字的选项（在此示例中，您可以看到所有数字都已按点垂直对齐），第二个包提供了更好的行间距和专为表格设计的水平规则，例如\toprule、\midrule和\bottomrule。

Question 3

您不需要将源放在表格内。

使用下面的代码我避免\resizebox（绝不将其用于表格）。只需要进行少量计算，并且事后进行一个小技巧，就可以使 Phosphor 列标题适合。

siunitx建议使用。

\documentclass[draft]{article}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage[version=4]{mhchem}
\usepackage{xurl}
\usepackage{caption}

\newlength{\colwidth}

\begin{document}

\begin{table}[htp]

%% {Erstmalig im Inland in Verkehr gebrachte Düngemittel}

\caption{Düngemittel Reinnährstoffabsatz von 1995/96 bis 2013/14 (Menge in~t)}

\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.25mm}
\setlength{\colwidth}{\dimeval{(\textwidth-3\arrayrulewidth-8\tabcolsep)/4}}

\begin{tabular}{
  |w{l}{\colwidth-0pt}|
  S[table-format=3.3,table-column-width=\colwidth]
  S[table-format=2.3,table-column-width=\colwidth]
  S[table-format=2.3,table-column-width=\colwidth]
  |
}
\hline \rowcolor{brown!80}
Jahr & {Stickstoff (\ce{N})} & {\makebox[0pt]{Phosphor (\ce{P2O5})}} & {Kalium (\ce{K2O})} \\
\hline \rowcolor{brown!20}
2013/14 & 111.615   & 32.731    & 32.559 \\

2011/12 & 97.721    & 26.198    & 32.478 \\
\rowcolor{brown!20}
2009/10 & 90.639    & 22.121    & 23.356 \\

2007/08 & 134.382   & 44.704    & 49.787 \\
\rowcolor{brown!20}
2005/06 & 103.692   & 34.979    & 40.738 \\

2003/04 & 100.789   & 39.357    & 49.532 \\
\rowcolor{brown!20}
2001/02 & 127.585   & 47.138    & 50.099 \\

1999/00 & 121.644   & 48.548    & 55.241 \\
\rowcolor{brown!20}
1997/98 & 127.537   & 57.264    & 61.537 \\

1995/96 & 125.309   & 52.272    & 59.755  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\smallskip

\parbox[t]{\textwidth}{%
  Quelle: \url{https://www.ama.at/getattachment/f3f479f8-6bc9-42e3-be83-d8fd4112a937/281\_Dungemittel\_Reinnahrstoffabsatz-ab-1995.pdf} (besucht am 20-01-2024)%
}

\end{table}

\end{document}

请注意，标准类别是为表格下方的标题设置的；必须它们之间有垂直空间。

括号后面的内容\begin{table}[h]有点神秘。无论如何，这只是[h]一个错误。

Answer