意外地将框做得过大，无法在没有其他坐标问题的情况下删除边距

Question 1

这是一种更简洁的绘图方法并将其包含在主文档中。

绘画

主要观点：

将一些节点放在绝对坐标中
以相对的方式导出其他坐标，即与其中一些坐标相关
尝试尽可能长时间地遵循默认设置
引入一些专用风格

我省略了旋转的箭头，因为它们对我来说并没有真正的意义。

% ~~~ drawing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
\documentclass[10pt,border=3mm]{standalone}% more useful for development
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary {arrows.meta}

% ~~~ shortcuts: texts ~~~~~~~~~
\newcommand\txtA[0]{\begin{itemize}%
         \item The Learner usually uses certain datastructures to maintain the observations gathered with the membership queries.%
         \item By aiming for certain observations the Learner creates the automaton $\mathcal{H}$%
         \item After constructing $\mathcal{H}$ an equivalence query is made, if a counter example is returned it is used to refine the hypothesis.%
     \end{itemize}}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtB[0]{\begin{itemize}%
         \item The Teacher answers Membership- and Equivalence Querries by accessing the target automata $\mathcal{A}$ that is unknown to the Learner%
         \item In a black-box-setting where $\mathcal{A}$ is unknown, membership queries and or equivaelence querries can only be approximated. We assume that the answers to the querries are correct.%
     \end{itemize}%
}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtC[0]{\begin{itemize}%
        \item $1\iff x\in\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) \iff \mathcal{A}(x)=1$%
        \item $0\iff x\notin\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) \iff \mathcal{A}(x)= 0$%
    \end{itemize}}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtD[0]{\begin{itemize}%
        \item $1\iff \mathcal{H} = \mathcal{A}$%
        \item $0\text{ and }c,\mathcal{H}(c)\neq \mathcal{A}(c)\iff \mathcal{H}\neq \mathcal{A}$%
    \end{itemize}}
    
% ~~~ shortcuts: constants ~~~~~~~~~
\def\a{ 6mm}
\def\b{20mm}
\def\c{12mm}

% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~    
\begin{document}

 \begin{tikzpicture}[
    >={Stealth},
    LT/.style   ={draw,minimum size=2cm},
    TXT/.style  ={anchor=south,draw,inner sep=6mm,minimum height=7cm},
    BX/.style   ={LT},
    arrd/.style={{Circle[open]}-{Triangle[open]},dashed,thick},
 ]
    % ~~~ nodes: formulas ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node (A) at (0, 0  ) {\parbox{6.5cm}{\txtC{}}};
    \node (B) at (0,-3.5) {\parbox{6.5cm}{\txtD{}}};
    
    % ~~~ nodes: L+R ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node[LT] (LE) at (-5.5,0) {Learner};
    \node[LT] (TE) at ( 5.5,0) {Teacher};
    
    % ~~~ lower arrows (relative coordinates) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \draw[->]            (A.north east) -- (A.north west);  
    \draw[->] ([yshift=\a]A.north west) -- 
                        node[anchor=south]{Mem($x$),$x\in\Sigma^*$}
                        ([yshift=\a]A.north east);  
                        
    \draw[->]            (B.north east) -- (B.north west);  
    \draw[->] ([yshift=\a]B.north west) -- 
                        node[anchor=south]{EQ($\mathcal{H}),
                                \mathcal{H}\in\ \text{DFA}(\Sigma)$}
                        ([yshift=\a]B.north east);  
    
    % ~~~ nodes: upper text ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node[TXT] (L) at (-8,5) {\parbox{6cm}{\txtA{}}};
    \node[TXT] (R) at ( 8,5) {\parbox{6cm}{\txtB{}}};
    
    %  (relative coordinates)
    \node[BX] at ([yshift=-\b]L.250)    {$\mathcal{H}$};
    \node[BX] at ([yshift=-\b]R.290)    {$\mathcal{A}$};
    
    % ~~~ dashed arrow  (relative coordinates) ~~~~~~~~
    \draw[arrd] ([yshift=\c]LE. 80) to[out= 70,in=- 30] (L.300);
    \draw[arrd] ([yshift=\c]TE.110) to[out=110,in=-150] (R.240);
    
 \end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

主要文件

和以前一样的想法。

主要.tex：

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

\usepackage{graphicx}

\begin{document}
    Here we go:\bigskip

    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{tikzMarginProblems-MS}
    
    \hrule
\end{document}

Answer

这是一种更简洁的绘图方法并将其包含在主文档中。

绘画

主要观点：

将一些节点放在绝对坐标中
以相对的方式导出其他坐标，即与其中一些坐标相关
尝试尽可能长时间地遵循默认设置
引入一些专用风格

我省略了旋转的箭头，因为它们对我来说并没有真正的意义。

% ~~~ drawing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
\documentclass[10pt,border=3mm]{standalone}% more useful for development
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary {arrows.meta}

% ~~~ shortcuts: texts ~~~~~~~~~
\newcommand\txtA[0]{\begin{itemize}%
         \item The Learner usually uses certain datastructures to maintain the observations gathered with the membership queries.%
         \item By aiming for certain observations the Learner creates the automaton $\mathcal{H}$%
         \item After constructing $\mathcal{H}$ an equivalence query is made, if a counter example is returned it is used to refine the hypothesis.%
     \end{itemize}}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtB[0]{\begin{itemize}%
         \item The Teacher answers Membership- and Equivalence Querries by accessing the target automata $\mathcal{A}$ that is unknown to the Learner%
         \item In a black-box-setting where $\mathcal{A}$ is unknown, membership queries and or equivaelence querries can only be approximated. We assume that the answers to the querries are correct.%
     \end{itemize}%
}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtC[0]{\begin{itemize}%
        \item $1\iff x\in\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) \iff \mathcal{A}(x)=1$%
        \item $0\iff x\notin\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) \iff \mathcal{A}(x)= 0$%
    \end{itemize}}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtD[0]{\begin{itemize}%
        \item $1\iff \mathcal{H} = \mathcal{A}$%
        \item $0\text{ and }c,\mathcal{H}(c)\neq \mathcal{A}(c)\iff \mathcal{H}\neq \mathcal{A}$%
    \end{itemize}}
    
% ~~~ shortcuts: constants ~~~~~~~~~
\def\a{ 6mm}
\def\b{20mm}
\def\c{12mm}

% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~    
\begin{document}

 \begin{tikzpicture}[
    >={Stealth},
    LT/.style   ={draw,minimum size=2cm},
    TXT/.style  ={anchor=south,draw,inner sep=6mm,minimum height=7cm},
    BX/.style   ={LT},
    arrd/.style={{Circle[open]}-{Triangle[open]},dashed,thick},
 ]
    % ~~~ nodes: formulas ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node (A) at (0, 0  ) {\parbox{6.5cm}{\txtC{}}};
    \node (B) at (0,-3.5) {\parbox{6.5cm}{\txtD{}}};
    
    % ~~~ nodes: L+R ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node[LT] (LE) at (-5.5,0) {Learner};
    \node[LT] (TE) at ( 5.5,0) {Teacher};
    
    % ~~~ lower arrows (relative coordinates) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \draw[->]            (A.north east) -- (A.north west);  
    \draw[->] ([yshift=\a]A.north west) -- 
                        node[anchor=south]{Mem($x$),$x\in\Sigma^*$}
                        ([yshift=\a]A.north east);  
                        
    \draw[->]            (B.north east) -- (B.north west);  
    \draw[->] ([yshift=\a]B.north west) -- 
                        node[anchor=south]{EQ($\mathcal{H}),
                                \mathcal{H}\in\ \text{DFA}(\Sigma)$}
                        ([yshift=\a]B.north east);  
    
    % ~~~ nodes: upper text ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node[TXT] (L) at (-8,5) {\parbox{6cm}{\txtA{}}};
    \node[TXT] (R) at ( 8,5) {\parbox{6cm}{\txtB{}}};
    
    %  (relative coordinates)
    \node[BX] at ([yshift=-\b]L.250)    {$\mathcal{H}$};
    \node[BX] at ([yshift=-\b]R.290)    {$\mathcal{A}$};
    
    % ~~~ dashed arrow  (relative coordinates) ~~~~~~~~
    \draw[arrd] ([yshift=\c]LE. 80) to[out= 70,in=- 30] (L.300);
    \draw[arrd] ([yshift=\c]TE.110) to[out=110,in=-150] (R.240);
    
 \end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

主要文件

和以前一样的想法。

主要.tex：

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

\usepackage{graphicx}

\begin{document}
    Here we go:\bigskip

    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{tikzMarginProblems-MS}
    
    \hrule
\end{document}

Question 2

以下是我的评论插图。

1. 主文件，即整个最终文件

main.tex随便你怎么称呼它。它包括tikzMarginProblems.pdf。尽可能简单和顺利。

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

\usepackage{graphicx}

\begin{document}
    Here we go:\bigskip

    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{tikzMarginProblems}
\end{document}

2. 麻烦制造者，外包

不幸的是，现在那幅画简直就是一场噩梦。以下是我所做的tikzMarginProblems.tex：

删除（注释掉）此绘图不需要的所有内容
为长文本创建了一些快捷方式\txtA{}，\txtD{}使您的 Tikz 代码更容易掌握
切换到standalone，根据需要调整纸张大小
重构了许多内联样式，以便重复使用和提高可读性，如LT..mthbx
完成后只需编译，将其包含在编译主文档中

CODE，现在更清楚地发现您的问题：

% ~~~ REFACTORING ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
% documentclass standalone
% styles for cleaner code (seeing the forest again ...)
% giving up: hopeless design decisions were made ...


% ~~~ shortcuts ~~~~~~~~~
\newcommand\txtA[0]{\begin{itemize}%
         \item The Learner usually uses certain datastructures to maintain the observations gathered with the membership queries.%
         \item By aiming for certain observations the Learner creates the automaton $\mathcal{H}$%
         \item After constructing $\mathcal{H}$ an equivalence query is made, if a counter example is returned it is used to refine the hypothesis.%
     \end{itemize}}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtB[0]{\begin{itemize}%
         \item The Teacher answers Membership- and Equivalence Querries by accessing the target automata $\mathcal{A}$ that is unknown to the Learner%
         \item In a black-box-setting where $\mathcal{A}$ is unknown, membership queries and or equivaelence querries can only be approximated. We assume that the answers to the querries are correct.%
     \end{itemize}%
}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtC[0]{\begin{itemize}%
        \item $1\iff x\in\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) \iff \mathcal{A}(x)=1$%
        \item $0\iff x\notin\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) \iff \mathcal{A}(x)= 0$%
    \end{itemize}}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtD[0]{\begin{itemize}%
        \item $1\iff \mathcal{H} = \mathcal{A}$%
        \item $0\text{ and }c,\mathcal{H}(c)\neq \mathcal{A}(c)\iff \mathcal{H}\neq \mathcal{A}$%
    \end{itemize}}

% ~~~ drawing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%\documentclass{article}
\documentclass[10pt,border=3mm]{standalone}% more useful for development
%\usepackage{amsfonts}
%\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
%\usepackage{geometry}
%\usepackage{xeCJK}
%\usepackage{atbegshi}% http://ctan.org/pkg/atbegshi
%\AtBeginDocument{\AtBeginShipoutNext{\AtBeginShipoutDiscard}}
% \geometry{
% a4paper,
% total={170mm,257mm},
% left=20mm,
% top=20mm,
% }
%\usepackage{adjustbox}
%\usepackage{tabularx}
%\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage{amsmath}
%\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for inserting images
\usepackage{tikz}
%\usepackage{amsthm}
%\usetikzlibrary {calc,positioning,shapes.misc}
%\usetikzlibrary{matrix}
%\usepackage[a4paper, total={6in, 8in}]{geometry}
\usetikzlibrary {arrows.meta}
\usetikzlibrary {shapes.geometric}
% \usepackage{algorithm}
% \usepackage{mathrsfs}
%\usepackage{algpseudocode}
%\usepackage{stmaryrd}
%\usetikzlibrary {automata,positioning}
%\usetikzlibrary{bending}
%\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric, positioning, decorations.pathreplacing, calc}

%\tikzset{
%  fnode/.style={
%    draw,
%    % Define labels for the "f" and brackets
%    label={[name=fnode-f]left:$f$},
%    label={[name=fnode-leftBracket]left:$[$},
%    label={[name=fnode-rightBracket]right:$]$},
%    % Ensure the node content is visually centered
%    label={[align=center,inner sep=1pt]center:#1},
%  }
%  fnode2/.style={
%    draw,
%    % Define labels for the "f" and brackets
%    label={[name=fnode2-f]left:$extract_right$},
%    label={[name=fnode2-leftBracket]left:$[$},
%    label={[name=fnode2-rightBracket]right:$]$},
%    % Ensure the node content is visually centered
%    label={[align=center,inner sep=1pt]center:#1},
%  }
%}

%\theoremstyle{definition}
%\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
%\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
%\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
%\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
%
%\theoremstyle{remark}
%\newtheorem*{remark}{Remark}
%
%\algnewcommand\algorithmicforeach{\textbf{for each}}
%\algdef{S}[FOR]{ForEach}[1]{\algorithmicforeach\ #1\ \algorithmicdo}

%\title{Comparing the query complexity of active learning algorithms for deterministic finite automata}
%\author{zzzz}
%\date{March 2024}

\begin{document}
% Define membership queries and equivalence queries properly (what is their return value), regarding the pseudocode


%\maketitle

%\section{Introduction}
%\addtocounter{page}{-1}
%\begin{adjustbox}{width=\textwidth}


\begin{tikzpicture}[
    LT/.style={draw, minimum width=2.5cm, minimum height=2cm},
    txtbx/.style={shape=rectangle, minimum width= 8.5cm,minimum height= 8cm,draw, 
                  text width=8cm, font={\fontsize{14}{15}\selectfont}, scale=0.6},
    dmnd/.style={shape=diamond, minimum width= 2cm,minimum height= 2cm},
    rec2/.style={shape=rectangle, minimum width= 1cm,minimum height= 2cm},
    lne/.style={line width=0.8pt,arrows = {-Latex[line width=0.9pt, length=4pt]}},
    crc/.style={circle, fill=black, inner sep=0pt,},
    mthbx/.style={draw, minimum width=1cm, minimum height=1cm},
]

% Nodes
% \draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (14,12);
\node [matrix,draw=blue] (my matrix) at (7,6) % <<< better use matrix here, see Ch. 59 and the Petrinet tutorial
  { % ~~~ row 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
     \node[txtbx] {\txtA{}}; & & & & & &
     \node[txtbx] {\txtB{}}; \\
     
    % ~~~ row 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node[name=s,dmnd] {};
    & \node[rec2] {};
    &
    & \node[shape=rectangle, minimum width= 3cm,minimum height=5cm] {};
    &
    & \node[rec2] {};
    &\node[name=s2,dmnd] {};\\
    
    % ~~~ empty (?) rows 3+4+5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node[shape=rectangle,minimum height= 8cm] {};& & & & & &\\
    & & & & & &\\
    \node[shape=rectangle,minimum height= 0.2cm] {};& & & & & &\\
  };
    \node[scale=0.8] at (7,6.8) {Mem($x$),$x\in\Sigma^*$};
    \node[scale=0.8,shape=rectangle, minimum width= 8cm,minimum height= 2cm, text width=8cm] at (7.4,5.62){\txtC{}};
    \node[scale=0.8] at (7,4.3) {EQ($\mathcal{H}),\mathcal{H}\in\ \text{DFA}(\Sigma)$};
    \node[scale=0.8,shape=rectangle, minimum width= 8cm,minimum height= 2cm, text width=8cm] at (7.4,2.65){\txtD{}};


  \draw[line width=1pt,arrows = {-Latex[line width=1pt, fill=white, length=10pt]},dotted] (2.7,8) .. controls (3.2, 8.2) and (3,10) .. (2.5,10.2);
  
    \draw[line width=1pt,arrows = {-Latex[line width=1pt, fill=white, length=10pt]}, dotted] (11.3,8) .. controls (10.8, 8.2) and (11,10) .. (11.5,10.);


\draw[lne] (10.34,7.43) -- (11.29,9.07);
\draw[lne] (12.16,8.57) -- (11.21,6.93);
\draw[lne] (2.71,9.07) -- (3.66,7.43);
\draw[lne] (2.79,6.93) -- (1.84,8.57);

      \node[mthbx] at (0.5,9) {$\mathcal{H}$};
      \node[mthbx] at (13.5,9) {$\mathcal{A}$};
    \node[LT] at (12,5) {Teacher};% <<<
    \node[LT] at (2,5) {Learner};% <<<


      \draw[lne] (4,6.5) -- (10,6.5);
      \draw[lne] (10,6) -- (4,6);
      \draw[lne] (4,4) -- (10,4);
      \draw[lne] (10,3.5) -- (4,3.5);
      \node[crc, minimum size=4pt] at (11.3,8) {};
      \node[crc, minimum size=2pt] at (11.3,8) {};
      \node[crc, minimum size=4pt] at (2.7,8) {};
      \node[crc, minimum size=2pt] at (2.7,8) {};      
      
\end{tikzpicture}
%\end{adjustbox}
\end{document}

3. 批评者

不幸的是，很多事情并没有Tikz得到应有的改善。以下是您可以且应该改进的几件事（按任意顺序）：

你不使用matrix库；你的方法在pgfmanual，但最好在开始时调整它Ch. 59和Petri.net教程；它将使你更好地控制行和列分离
我不确定你是否需要一个矩阵；大多数事情都可以通过锚定来实现，例如，[anchor=TEXT.south]TEXT 是一个现有的坐标，比如来自\node (TEXT) at (0,0){};；参见手册
我建议消除所有scale=选项；直接删除它们
您可以用绝对坐标绘制箭头，但如果您使用这样的坐标和节点会更容易：\coordinate (A) (1,2); \node[whatever] (W) at (2,3) {}; \draw (A) -- (B);
重新设计并简化所有样式；如此多的重复等等；您真的需要它们全部吗？
Tikz 策略：1) place nodes, 2) draw connections, 3) introduce intermeidate points where needed (not here) ... 10) do some fine tuning on fonts
大量使用重构来保持代码干净、一目了然

重构：

写几行代码；编译并修改，直到你满意为止
概括事物，例如常用的风格等。
重复，直到完成

Answer

以下是我的评论插图。

1. 主文件，即整个最终文件

main.tex随便你怎么称呼它。它包括tikzMarginProblems.pdf。尽可能简单和顺利。

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

\usepackage{graphicx}

\begin{document}
    Here we go:\bigskip

    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{tikzMarginProblems}
\end{document}

2. 麻烦制造者，外包

不幸的是，现在那幅画简直就是一场噩梦。以下是我所做的tikzMarginProblems.tex：

删除（注释掉）此绘图不需要的所有内容
为长文本创建了一些快捷方式\txtA{}，\txtD{}使您的 Tikz 代码更容易掌握
切换到standalone，根据需要调整纸张大小
重构了许多内联样式，以便重复使用和提高可读性，如LT..mthbx
完成后只需编译，将其包含在编译主文档中

CODE，现在更清楚地发现您的问题：

% ~~~ REFACTORING ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
% documentclass standalone
% styles for cleaner code (seeing the forest again ...)
% giving up: hopeless design decisions were made ...


% ~~~ shortcuts ~~~~~~~~~
\newcommand\txtA[0]{\begin{itemize}%
         \item The Learner usually uses certain datastructures to maintain the observations gathered with the membership queries.%
         \item By aiming for certain observations the Learner creates the automaton $\mathcal{H}$%
         \item After constructing $\mathcal{H}$ an equivalence query is made, if a counter example is returned it is used to refine the hypothesis.%
     \end{itemize}}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtB[0]{\begin{itemize}%
         \item The Teacher answers Membership- and Equivalence Querries by accessing the target automata $\mathcal{A}$ that is unknown to the Learner%
         \item In a black-box-setting where $\mathcal{A}$ is unknown, membership queries and or equivaelence querries can only be approximated. We assume that the answers to the querries are correct.%
     \end{itemize}%
}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtC[0]{\begin{itemize}%
        \item $1\iff x\in\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) \iff \mathcal{A}(x)=1$%
        \item $0\iff x\notin\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) \iff \mathcal{A}(x)= 0$%
    \end{itemize}}
% .............................................
\newcommand\txtD[0]{\begin{itemize}%
        \item $1\iff \mathcal{H} = \mathcal{A}$%
        \item $0\text{ and }c,\mathcal{H}(c)\neq \mathcal{A}(c)\iff \mathcal{H}\neq \mathcal{A}$%
    \end{itemize}}

% ~~~ drawing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%\documentclass{article}
\documentclass[10pt,border=3mm]{standalone}% more useful for development
%\usepackage{amsfonts}
%\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
%\usepackage{geometry}
%\usepackage{xeCJK}
%\usepackage{atbegshi}% http://ctan.org/pkg/atbegshi
%\AtBeginDocument{\AtBeginShipoutNext{\AtBeginShipoutDiscard}}
% \geometry{
% a4paper,
% total={170mm,257mm},
% left=20mm,
% top=20mm,
% }
%\usepackage{adjustbox}
%\usepackage{tabularx}
%\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage{amsmath}
%\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for inserting images
\usepackage{tikz}
%\usepackage{amsthm}
%\usetikzlibrary {calc,positioning,shapes.misc}
%\usetikzlibrary{matrix}
%\usepackage[a4paper, total={6in, 8in}]{geometry}
\usetikzlibrary {arrows.meta}
\usetikzlibrary {shapes.geometric}
% \usepackage{algorithm}
% \usepackage{mathrsfs}
%\usepackage{algpseudocode}
%\usepackage{stmaryrd}
%\usetikzlibrary {automata,positioning}
%\usetikzlibrary{bending}
%\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric, positioning, decorations.pathreplacing, calc}

%\tikzset{
%  fnode/.style={
%    draw,
%    % Define labels for the "f" and brackets
%    label={[name=fnode-f]left:$f$},
%    label={[name=fnode-leftBracket]left:$[$},
%    label={[name=fnode-rightBracket]right:$]$},
%    % Ensure the node content is visually centered
%    label={[align=center,inner sep=1pt]center:#1},
%  }
%  fnode2/.style={
%    draw,
%    % Define labels for the "f" and brackets
%    label={[name=fnode2-f]left:$extract_right$},
%    label={[name=fnode2-leftBracket]left:$[$},
%    label={[name=fnode2-rightBracket]right:$]$},
%    % Ensure the node content is visually centered
%    label={[align=center,inner sep=1pt]center:#1},
%  }
%}

%\theoremstyle{definition}
%\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
%\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
%\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
%\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
%
%\theoremstyle{remark}
%\newtheorem*{remark}{Remark}
%
%\algnewcommand\algorithmicforeach{\textbf{for each}}
%\algdef{S}[FOR]{ForEach}[1]{\algorithmicforeach\ #1\ \algorithmicdo}

%\title{Comparing the query complexity of active learning algorithms for deterministic finite automata}
%\author{zzzz}
%\date{March 2024}

\begin{document}
% Define membership queries and equivalence queries properly (what is their return value), regarding the pseudocode


%\maketitle

%\section{Introduction}
%\addtocounter{page}{-1}
%\begin{adjustbox}{width=\textwidth}


\begin{tikzpicture}[
    LT/.style={draw, minimum width=2.5cm, minimum height=2cm},
    txtbx/.style={shape=rectangle, minimum width= 8.5cm,minimum height= 8cm,draw, 
                  text width=8cm, font={\fontsize{14}{15}\selectfont}, scale=0.6},
    dmnd/.style={shape=diamond, minimum width= 2cm,minimum height= 2cm},
    rec2/.style={shape=rectangle, minimum width= 1cm,minimum height= 2cm},
    lne/.style={line width=0.8pt,arrows = {-Latex[line width=0.9pt, length=4pt]}},
    crc/.style={circle, fill=black, inner sep=0pt,},
    mthbx/.style={draw, minimum width=1cm, minimum height=1cm},
]

% Nodes
% \draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (14,12);
\node [matrix,draw=blue] (my matrix) at (7,6) % <<< better use matrix here, see Ch. 59 and the Petrinet tutorial
  { % ~~~ row 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
     \node[txtbx] {\txtA{}}; & & & & & &
     \node[txtbx] {\txtB{}}; \\
     
    % ~~~ row 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node[name=s,dmnd] {};
    & \node[rec2] {};
    &
    & \node[shape=rectangle, minimum width= 3cm,minimum height=5cm] {};
    &
    & \node[rec2] {};
    &\node[name=s2,dmnd] {};\\
    
    % ~~~ empty (?) rows 3+4+5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \node[shape=rectangle,minimum height= 8cm] {};& & & & & &\\
    & & & & & &\\
    \node[shape=rectangle,minimum height= 0.2cm] {};& & & & & &\\
  };
    \node[scale=0.8] at (7,6.8) {Mem($x$),$x\in\Sigma^*$};
    \node[scale=0.8,shape=rectangle, minimum width= 8cm,minimum height= 2cm, text width=8cm] at (7.4,5.62){\txtC{}};
    \node[scale=0.8] at (7,4.3) {EQ($\mathcal{H}),\mathcal{H}\in\ \text{DFA}(\Sigma)$};
    \node[scale=0.8,shape=rectangle, minimum width= 8cm,minimum height= 2cm, text width=8cm] at (7.4,2.65){\txtD{}};


  \draw[line width=1pt,arrows = {-Latex[line width=1pt, fill=white, length=10pt]},dotted] (2.7,8) .. controls (3.2, 8.2) and (3,10) .. (2.5,10.2);
  
    \draw[line width=1pt,arrows = {-Latex[line width=1pt, fill=white, length=10pt]}, dotted] (11.3,8) .. controls (10.8, 8.2) and (11,10) .. (11.5,10.);


\draw[lne] (10.34,7.43) -- (11.29,9.07);
\draw[lne] (12.16,8.57) -- (11.21,6.93);
\draw[lne] (2.71,9.07) -- (3.66,7.43);
\draw[lne] (2.79,6.93) -- (1.84,8.57);

      \node[mthbx] at (0.5,9) {$\mathcal{H}$};
      \node[mthbx] at (13.5,9) {$\mathcal{A}$};
    \node[LT] at (12,5) {Teacher};% <<<
    \node[LT] at (2,5) {Learner};% <<<


      \draw[lne] (4,6.5) -- (10,6.5);
      \draw[lne] (10,6) -- (4,6);
      \draw[lne] (4,4) -- (10,4);
      \draw[lne] (10,3.5) -- (4,3.5);
      \node[crc, minimum size=4pt] at (11.3,8) {};
      \node[crc, minimum size=2pt] at (11.3,8) {};
      \node[crc, minimum size=4pt] at (2.7,8) {};
      \node[crc, minimum size=2pt] at (2.7,8) {};      
      
\end{tikzpicture}
%\end{adjustbox}
\end{document}

3. 批评者

不幸的是，很多事情并没有Tikz得到应有的改善。以下是您可以且应该改进的几件事（按任意顺序）：

你不使用matrix库；你的方法在pgfmanual，但最好在开始时调整它Ch. 59和Petri.net教程；它将使你更好地控制行和列分离
我不确定你是否需要一个矩阵；大多数事情都可以通过锚定来实现，例如，[anchor=TEXT.south]TEXT 是一个现有的坐标，比如来自\node (TEXT) at (0,0){};；参见手册
我建议消除所有scale=选项；直接删除它们
您可以用绝对坐标绘制箭头，但如果您使用这样的坐标和节点会更容易：\coordinate (A) (1,2); \node[whatever] (W) at (2,3) {}; \draw (A) -- (B);
重新设计并简化所有样式；如此多的重复等等；您真的需要它们全部吗？
Tikz 策略：1) place nodes, 2) draw connections, 3) introduce intermeidate points where needed (not here) ... 10) do some fine tuning on fonts
大量使用重构来保持代码干净、一目了然

重构：

写几行代码；编译并修改，直到你满意为止
概括事物，例如常用的风格等。
重复，直到完成

意外地将框做得过大，无法在没有其他坐标问题的情况下删除边距

答案1

绘画

主要文件

答案2

1. 主文件，即整个最终文件

2. 麻烦制造者，外包

3. 批评者

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