TikZ：在控制系统图的 tikz 图片中创建边界框

Question

我已经在 TikZ 中完成了控制系统的编写。现在我想创建两个带有虚线的彩色“框”，它们应该包含整个控制回路的控制器和工厂组件。请参考最后的图来了解我的意思。

我如何在 TikZ 中做到这一点？这些框需要与图片中的样子完全一样，并且还要有一个如图所示的标题。

另外：如何在图中所示的线条上添加描述？

谢谢你！

我的代码在这里：

\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{graphicx} % Um Grafiken (bspw. das Logo) einbinden zu können
\usepackage{pgf, tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes}
\usepgflibrary{arrows.meta}

\tikzstyle{block} = [draw, fill=blue!10, rectangle, 
minimum height=2em, minimum width=5em]
\tikzstyle{sum} = [draw, fill=blue!20, circle, node distance=1cm]
\tikzstyle{input} = [coordinate]
\tikzstyle{output} = [coordinate]
\tikzstyle{pinstyle} = [pin edge={Triangle[],thick,black}]
\tikzstyle{arrow} = [draw,thick,-{Triangle[]}]
\tikzstyle{line} = [draw,thick,-]
\tikzstyle{triangle} = [draw,fill=red!20,regular polygon,regular polygon sides=3]

\begin{document}
    \begin{figure}
        \centering
        \begin{tikzpicture}[auto,node distance=2cm,scale=1.0]
        \node [input](input){};
        \node [sum, right of=input, node distance=2cm](sum1){};
        \node [block, fill=cyan!20, right of=sum1, node distance=3cm](fbcont){Feedback};
        \node [sum, right of=fbcont, node distance=2cm](sum2){};
        \node [block, fill=pink!20, right of=sum2, node distance=3cm](act){Actuator};
        \node [block, fill=orange!20, right of=act, node distance=3.5cm](plant){Plant};
        \node [block, fill=green!20, above of=fbcont](ffcont){Feed-forward};
        \node [block, fill=brown!20, below of=act](sens1){Sensor};
        \node [input, below of=sum1](interim){};
        \node [output, right of=plant](out1){};
        \node [output, below of=out1](out2){};


        \draw [arrow] (sum1)--node{$e(t)$}(fbcont);
        \draw [arrow] (fbcont)--(sum2);
        \draw [arrow] (sum2)--node{$u(t)$}(act);
        \draw [arrow] (act)--(plant);
        \draw [line] (plant)--(out1);
        \draw [arrow] (out1)|-(sens1);
        \draw [arrow] (sens1)-|node[pos=0.99]{$-$} node [near end]{$y_m(t)$} (sum1);
        \draw [line] (interim)-|(input);
        \draw [arrow] (input)--node{$r(t)$}(sum1);
        \draw [arrow] (input)|-(ffcont);
        \draw [arrow] (ffcont)-|(sum2);
        \end{tikzpicture}
    \end{figure}
\end{document}

Answer 1

这是 fit 库的任务，它允许您调整某些节点。您可以使用 来inner sep缩小或扩大边距。请注意，\tikzstyle已弃用。

\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,fit}

\tikzset{block/.style={draw, fill=blue!10, rectangle, 
minimum height=2em, minimum width=5em},
sum/.style={draw, fill=blue!20, circle, node distance=1cm},
input/.style={coordinate},
output/.style={coordinate},
pinstyle/.style={pin edge={Triangle[],thick,black}},
arrow/.style={draw,thick,-{Triangle[]}},
line/.style={draw,thick,-},
triangle/.style={draw,fill=red!20,regular polygon,regular polygon sides=3}}

\begin{document}
    \begin{figure}
        \centering
        \begin{tikzpicture}[auto,node distance=2cm,scale=1.0]
        \node [input](input){};
        \node [sum, right of=input, node distance=2cm](sum1){};
        \node [block, fill=cyan!20, right of=sum1, node distance=3cm](fbcont){Feedback};
        \node [sum, right of=fbcont, node distance=2cm](sum2){};
        \node [block, fill=pink!20, right of=sum2, node distance=3cm](act){Actuator};
        \node [block, fill=orange!20, right of=act, node distance=3.5cm](plant){Plant};
        \node [block, fill=green!20, above of=fbcont](ffcont){Feed-forward};
        \node [block, fill=brown!20, below of=act](sens1){Sensor};
        \node [input, below of=sum1](interim){};
        \node [output, right of=plant](out1){};
        \node [output, below of=out1](out2){};

        \draw [arrow] (sum1)--node{$e(t)$}(fbcont);
        \draw [arrow] (fbcont)--(sum2);
        \draw [arrow] (sum2)--node{$u(t)$}(act);
        \draw [arrow] (act)--(plant);
        \draw [line] (plant)--(out1);
        \draw [arrow] (out1)|-(sens1);
        \draw [arrow] (sens1)-|node[pos=0.99]{$-$} node [near end]{$y_m(t)$} (sum1);
        \draw [line] (interim)-|(input);
        \draw [arrow] (input)--node{$r(t)$}(sum1);
        \draw [arrow] (input)|-(ffcont);
        \draw [arrow] (ffcont)-|(sum2);

        \node[fit=(sum1|-sens1)(ffcont)(sum2)(input),draw,blue,dashed,
        label={[blue]above:Controller}]{};
        \node[fit=(sens1)(plant),draw,orange,dashed,
        label={[orange]above:Controller}]{};
        \end{tikzpicture}
    \end{figure}
\end{document}