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如何绘制火花点火发动机的四冲程？

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如何绘制火花点火发动机的四冲程？

热机四冲程

我想使用 Tikz 包绘制火花点火发动机的四个冲程，但我不知道该如何开始。这里有谁能帮帮我，谢谢

答案1

这是一个开始。它是一个pic包含所有（？）变量参数的键。您可以调整这些参数以产生各种步骤。当然，也可以让事情变得更有趣。

\documentclass[tikz,border=3mm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc,shadings,shapes.symbols}
\newif\ifspark
\tikzset{tangent of circles/.style args={% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/464143/194703
    at #1 and #2 with radii #3 and #4}{insert path={%
    let \p1=($(#2)-(#1)$),\n1={atan2(\y1,\x1)},\n2={veclen(\y1,\x1)*1pt/1cm},
    \n3={atan2(#4-#3,\n2)}
     in ($(#1)+(\n3+\n1+90:#3)$) coordinate(aux1) -- 
     ($(#2)+(\n3+\n1+90:#4)$) coordinate(aux2)}},
     pics/engine/.style={code={
  \tikzset{engine/.cd,#1}
  \draw[fill=gray!20] (0,0) -- (-0.8,-0.4) coordinate[pos=0.4] (p1)
  coordinate[pos=0.8] (p2) |- (-1,-3)[rounded corners=1mm] |- (-1.2,0) [sharp corners]
  -- (-1.2,0.7) coordinate[pos=0.2] (p3)
  coordinate[pos=0.8] (p4) -- (-0.9,0.85) -- (-0.6,0.7) -- (0,0.4) -- (0.6,0.7)
  -- (0.9,0.85)-- (1.2,0.7) -- (1.2,0)coordinate[pos=0.2] (p6)
  coordinate[pos=0.8] (p5) {[rounded corners=1mm] -- (1,0)}
  [sharp corners] -- (1,-3)
  -| (0.8,-0.4) -- cycle coordinate[pos=0.2] (p8)
  coordinate[pos=0.6] (p7);
  \draw[engine/left exhaust] (p1) to[bend right=18] (p4) -- (p3) to[bend left=18] (p2) -- cycle;
  \draw[engine/right exhaust] (p7) to[bend left=18] (p6) -- (p5) to[bend right=18] (p8) -- cycle;
  \draw[fill=gray!50] (0,-4) circle[radius=5mm];
  \pgfmathsetmacro{\pistonpos}{-4+0.4*sin(\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/rod angle})
  +sqrt(1.5*1.5-pow(0.4*cos(\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/rod angle}),2))}
  \path (0,-4) + (\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/rod angle}:0.4) coordinate (p9)
   (0,\pistonpos) coordinate (p10);
  \draw[fill=gray!15] (p9) circle [radius=2mm] -- (p10) circle [radius=1mm];
  \path[tangent of circles={at p10 and p9 with radii 0.1 and 0.2}]
  (aux1) coordinate (aux3) (aux2) coordinate (aux4); 
  \path[tangent of circles={at p9 and p10 with radii 0.2 and 0.1}];
  \path[fill=gray!15] (aux1) -- (aux2) -- (aux3) -- (aux4);
  \draw  (aux1) -- (aux2)  (aux3) -- (aux4);
  \path[fill=gray!45] (p9) circle [radius=1.2mm];
  \begin{scope}
   \clip (-0.8,\pistonpos)   rectangle ++ (1.6,1);
   \draw[left color=gray!60,right color=gray!50,middle color=gray!10] (-0.8,\pistonpos) 
  rectangle ++ (2,1);
  \end{scope}
  \draw[left color=\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/interior color}!80,
  right color=\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/interior color}!50,
  middle color=white] 
  (-0.8,\pistonpos+1) --  (-0.8,-0.4)  -- (0,0)--  (0.8,-0.4) |- cycle;
  \draw[thin,fill=gray!30] (-0.42,-0.5) 
   ++ ({90+atan(1/2)}:0.25*\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/left valve}) 
   -- ++ ({90+atan(1/2)}:1.9) -- ++ ({atan(1/2)}:0.1)
   -- ++ ({-90+atan(1/2)}:1.9) -- ++({atan(1/2)}:0.3)
   -- ++ ({-90+atan(1/2)}:0.1) -- ++({atan(1/2)+180}:0.7)
   -- ++ ({90+atan(1/2)}:0.1) -- cycle;
  \draw[thin,fill=gray!30] (0.42,-0.5) 
   ++ ({90-atan(1/2)}:0.25*\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/right valve}) 
   -- ++ ({90-atan(1/2)}:1.9) -- ++ ({180-atan(1/2)}:0.1)
   -- ++ ({-90-atan(1/2)}:1.9) -- ++({180-atan(1/2)}:0.3)
   -- ++ ({-90-atan(1/2)}:0.1) -- ++({-atan(1/2)}:0.7)
   -- ++ ({90-atan(1/2)}:0.1) -- cycle;
  \draw[left color=gray!60,right color=gray!50,middle color=gray!10]
   (-0.1,-0.2) rectangle (0.1,1);   
  \ifspark
  \begin{scope}
   \clip (-1.8,-0.2) rectangle (1.8,\pistonpos+1.1);
   \path (0,-0.2) node[starburst, inner color=yellow, outer color=red,minimum size=1cm]{};
  \end{scope}
  \fi 
 }},engine/.cd,left valve/.initial=1,right valve/.initial=1,
 left exhaust/.style={fill=gray!50},
 right exhaust/.style={fill=gray!50},
 rod angle/.initial=30,interior color/.initial=white,
 spark/.is if=spark}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[] 
 \path (0,0) pic{engine={left valve=0,rod angle=-40,
  left exhaust/.style={fill=gray!10}}}
 (3.2,0) pic{engine={rod angle=-170,interior color=yellow}}
 (6.4,0) pic{engine={rod angle=105,interior color=orange,spark}}
 (9.6,0) pic{engine={rod angle=-80,interior color=red}}
 (12.8,0) pic{engine={right valve=0,rod angle=-170,interior color=purple,
    right exhaust/.style={fill=purple!30}}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

这是一个完全不切实际的动画（我是一名自行车手！;-)，其唯一目的是说明参数如何工作。感谢大家的反馈！

\documentclass[tikz,border=3mm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc,shadings,shapes.symbols}
\newif\ifspark
\tikzset{tangent of circles/.style args={% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/464143/194703
    at #1 and #2 with radii #3 and #4}{insert path={%
    let \p1=($(#2)-(#1)$),\n1={atan2(\y1,\x1)},\n2={veclen(\y1,\x1)*1pt/1cm},
    \n3={atan2(#4-#3,\n2)}
     in ($(#1)+(\n3+\n1+90:#3)$) coordinate(aux1) -- 
     ($(#2)+(\n3+\n1+90:#4)$) coordinate(aux2)}},
     pics/engine/.style={code={
  \tikzset{engine/.cd,#1}
  \draw[fill=gray!20] (0,0) -- (-0.8,-0.4) coordinate[pos=0.4] (p1)
  coordinate[pos=0.8] (p2) |- (-1,-3)[rounded corners=1mm] |- (-1.2,0) [sharp corners]
  -- (-1.2,0.7) coordinate[pos=0.2] (p3)
  coordinate[pos=0.8] (p4) -- (-0.9,0.85) -- (-0.6,0.7) -- (0,0.4) -- (0.6,0.7)
  -- (0.9,0.85)-- (1.2,0.7) -- (1.2,0)coordinate[pos=0.2] (p6)
  coordinate[pos=0.8] (p5) {[rounded corners=1mm] -- (1,0)}
  [sharp corners] -- (1,-3)
  -| (0.8,-0.4) -- cycle coordinate[pos=0.2] (p8)
  coordinate[pos=0.6] (p7);
  \draw[engine/left exhaust] (p1) to[bend right=18] (p4) -- (p3) to[bend left=18] (p2) -- cycle;
  \draw[engine/right exhaust] (p7) to[bend left=18] (p6) -- (p5) to[bend right=18] (p8) -- cycle;
  \draw[fill=gray!50] (0,-4) circle[radius=5mm];
  \pgfmathsetmacro{\pistonpos}{-4+0.4*sin(\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/rod angle})
  +sqrt(1.5*1.5-pow(0.4*cos(\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/rod angle}),2))}
  \path (0,-4) + (\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/rod angle}:0.4) coordinate (p9)
   (0,\pistonpos) coordinate (p10);
  \draw[fill=gray!15] (p9) circle [radius=2mm] -- (p10) circle [radius=1mm];
  \path[tangent of circles={at p10 and p9 with radii 0.1 and 0.2}]
  (aux1) coordinate (aux3) (aux2) coordinate (aux4); 
  \path[tangent of circles={at p9 and p10 with radii 0.2 and 0.1}];
  \path[fill=gray!15] (aux1) -- (aux2) -- (aux3) -- (aux4);
  \draw  (aux1) -- (aux2)  (aux3) -- (aux4);
  \path[fill=gray!45] (p9) circle [radius=1.2mm];
  \begin{scope}
   \clip (-0.8,\pistonpos)   rectangle ++ (1.6,1);
   \draw[left color=gray!60,right color=gray!50,middle color=gray!10] (-0.8,\pistonpos) 
  rectangle ++ (2,1);
  \end{scope}
  \draw[left color=\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/interior color}!80,
  right color=\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/interior color}!50,
  middle color=white] 
  (-0.8,\pistonpos+1) --  (-0.8,-0.4)  -- (0,0)--  (0.8,-0.4) |- cycle;
  \draw[thin,fill=gray!30] (-0.42,-0.5) 
   ++ ({90+atan(1/2)}:0.25*\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/left valve}) 
   -- ++ ({90+atan(1/2)}:1.9) -- ++ ({atan(1/2)}:0.1)
   -- ++ ({-90+atan(1/2)}:1.9) -- ++({atan(1/2)}:0.3)
   -- ++ ({-90+atan(1/2)}:0.1) -- ++({atan(1/2)+180}:0.7)
   -- ++ ({90+atan(1/2)}:0.1) -- cycle;
  \draw[thin,fill=gray!30] (0.42,-0.5) 
   ++ ({90-atan(1/2)}:0.25*\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/engine/right valve}) 
   -- ++ ({90-atan(1/2)}:1.9) -- ++ ({180-atan(1/2)}:0.1)
   -- ++ ({-90-atan(1/2)}:1.9) -- ++({180-atan(1/2)}:0.3)
   -- ++ ({-90-atan(1/2)}:0.1) -- ++({-atan(1/2)}:0.7)
   -- ++ ({90-atan(1/2)}:0.1) -- cycle;
  \draw[left color=gray!60,right color=gray!50,middle color=gray!10]
   (-0.1,-0.2) rectangle (0.1,1);   
  \ifspark
  \begin{scope}
   \clip (-1.8,-0.2) rectangle (1.8,\pistonpos+1.1);
   \path (0,-0.2) node[starburst, inner color=yellow, outer color=red,minimum size=1cm]{};
  \end{scope}
  \fi 
 }},engine/.cd,left valve/.initial=1,right valve/.initial=1,
 left exhaust/.style={fill=gray!50},
 right exhaust/.style={fill=gray!50},
 rod angle/.initial=30,interior color/.initial=white,
 spark/.is if=spark}
\begin{document}
\foreach \X in {0,20,...,700}
{\pgfmathsetmacro{\lv}{ifthenelse(\X<=90||\X>=630,min(1-cos(\X),1),1)}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\li}{100*\lv}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\rv}{ifthenelse(\X>360,min(1+cos(\X),1),1)}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\ri}{50*(1-\rv)}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\cA}{100*max(-sin(\X/2),0)}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\cB}{100*max(sin(\X/2),0)}
\colorlet{myinterior}{purple!\cA!red!\cB!orange}
\begin{tikzpicture}
 \path[use as bounding box] (-1.6,-5) rectangle (1.6,2); 
 \ifnum\X=280
  \path (0,0) pic{engine={left valve=\lv,right valve=\rv,rod angle=-\X,
   left exhaust/.style={fill=gray!\li},right exhaust/.style={fill=purple!\ri!gray},
   interior color=myinterior,spark}};
 \else
  \path (0,0) pic{engine={left valve=\lv,right valve=\rv,rod angle=-\X,
   left exhaust/.style={fill=gray!\li},right exhaust/.style={fill=purple!\ri!gray},
   interior color=myinterior}};
 \fi 
\end{tikzpicture}}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

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