如何使用 Active Directory 验证 Linux 用户

Question 1

另请参阅 Windows 域上的 Linux 客户端和使用 AD 对 Linux 服务器进行身份验证的实用性如何？

Answer

另请参阅 Windows 域上的 Linux 客户端和使用 AD 对 Linux 服务器进行身份验证的实用性如何？

Question 2

在大多数发行版中您没有理由使用任何外部软件。

对于 Debian/Ubuntu，您可以使用 libnss-ldap 和 libpam-krb5 来实现。有一些技巧可以 100% 实现。这假设您为 Linux 用户填充了“unixHomeDirectory”，您的 Linux 计算机使用与 Windows 系统通用的 NTP（Kerberos 要求），并且您可以使用纯文本 NSS 查找（不是密码而是组成员信息等 - 您也可以使用 TLS，但设置起来更复杂）。除非您设置为使用 TLS，否则您不应该在 PAM 中使用 pam_ldap 作为密码或身份验证源。

/etc/ldap.conf

# LDAP Configuration for libnss-ldap and libpam-ldap.
# Permit host to continue boot process with out contacting LDAP server
bind_policy soft
# Define LDAP servers to use for queries, these must be Global Catalog servers
uri ldap://ldap.site.company.local
# Define root search location for queries
base dc=company,dc=local
#debug 1
# LDAP version, almost always going to be v3, it is quite mature
ldap_version 3
# Username used to proxy authentication. You can have this in a separate file owned by root for security OR use TLS/SSL (see man page)
# Do NOT use LDAP for authentication if you are using plain text binds, use Kerberos instead (and LDAP for authorization only). See libpam-krb5.
binddn cn=ldap-auth-svc,ou=ldap,ou=services,dc=site,dc=company,dc=local
# Password for proxy acct
bindpw SooperSekeretPazzwerd
#  TCP port to perform queries on, 3268 is a Global Catalog port which will reply for all users in *.company.local
port 3268
# Search range scope (sub = all)
scope sub
# Tell the client to close TCP connctions after 30 seconds, Windows will do this on the server side anyways, this will prevent errors from showing up in the logs.
 idle_timelimit 30
# Expect queries for group membership to return DN for group members instead of usernames (lets you use MSAD group membership seamlessly)
nss_schema rfc2307bis
# Filters - User accounts must have a UID >= 2000 to be recognized in this configuration and must have a unixHomeDirectory defined.
nss_base_group dc=company,dc=local?sub?&(objectClass=group)(gidNumber=*)
nss_base_user dc=company,dc=local?sub?&(objectClass=user)(!(objectClass=localputer))(uidNumber>=2000)(unixHomeDirectory=*)
nss_base_shadow dc=company,dc=local?sub?&(objectClass=user)(!(objectClass=localputer))(uidNumber>=2000)(unixHomeDirectory=*)
# Object Class mappings.  You may want to have the posixAccount to map to "mail" and have users login with their email addresses, i.e.  "nss_map_objectclass posixAccount mail".
nss_map_objectclass posixAccount user
nss_map_objectclass shadowAccount user
nss_map_objectclass posixGroup group
# Attribute mappings.
nss_map_attribute uniqueMember member
nss_map_attribute uid sAMAccountName
nss_map_attribute homeDirectory unixHomeDirectory
nss_map_attribute shadowLastChange pwdLastSet
# Attribute in LDAP to query to match the username used by PAM for authentication
pam_login_attribute sAMAccountName
# Filter for objects which are allowed to login via PAM
pam_filter objectclass=User

假设您的 Linux 机器正在使用了解 AD 的 DNS 服务器（具有适当 SRV 记录的 _msdcs 区域是可解析的），那么您不需要编辑 /etc/krb5.conf

/etc/nsswitch.conf 应该包含用户、组、影子等“ldap 文件”。

对于使用 SSSD 的 Red Hat：

/etc/sssd/sssd.conf

[domain/AD]
id_provider = ldap
auth_provider = krb5
chpass_provider = krb5
access_provider = ldap

ldap_uri = ldap://ldap.company.local:3268/
ldap_search_base = dc=company,dc=com
ldap_default_bind_dn = cn=ldap-auth-svc,ou=ldap,ou=services,dc=site,dc=company,dc=local
ldap_default_authtok = SooperSekeretPazzwerd
ldap_schema = rfc2307bis
ldap_user_object_class = user
ldap_group_object_class = group
ldap_user_name = sAMAccountName
ldap_user_home_directory = unixHomeDirectory
enumerate = true
ldap_tls_reqcert = never
ldap_tls_cacertdir = /etc/openldap/cacerts

ldap_id_use_start_tls = False
cache_credentials = True
krb5_realm = SITE.COMPANY.COM
case_sensitive = false
[sssd]
services = nss, pam
config_file_version = 2

domains = AD
[nss]
filter_users = root,named,avahi,nscd

Answer

在大多数发行版中您没有理由使用任何外部软件。

对于 Debian/Ubuntu，您可以使用 libnss-ldap 和 libpam-krb5 来实现。有一些技巧可以 100% 实现。这假设您为 Linux 用户填充了“unixHomeDirectory”，您的 Linux 计算机使用与 Windows 系统通用的 NTP（Kerberos 要求），并且您可以使用纯文本 NSS 查找（不是密码而是组成员信息等 - 您也可以使用 TLS，但设置起来更复杂）。除非您设置为使用 TLS，否则您不应该在 PAM 中使用 pam_ldap 作为密码或身份验证源。

/etc/ldap.conf

# LDAP Configuration for libnss-ldap and libpam-ldap.
# Permit host to continue boot process with out contacting LDAP server
bind_policy soft
# Define LDAP servers to use for queries, these must be Global Catalog servers
uri ldap://ldap.site.company.local
# Define root search location for queries
base dc=company,dc=local
#debug 1
# LDAP version, almost always going to be v3, it is quite mature
ldap_version 3
# Username used to proxy authentication. You can have this in a separate file owned by root for security OR use TLS/SSL (see man page)
# Do NOT use LDAP for authentication if you are using plain text binds, use Kerberos instead (and LDAP for authorization only). See libpam-krb5.
binddn cn=ldap-auth-svc,ou=ldap,ou=services,dc=site,dc=company,dc=local
# Password for proxy acct
bindpw SooperSekeretPazzwerd
#  TCP port to perform queries on, 3268 is a Global Catalog port which will reply for all users in *.company.local
port 3268
# Search range scope (sub = all)
scope sub
# Tell the client to close TCP connctions after 30 seconds, Windows will do this on the server side anyways, this will prevent errors from showing up in the logs.
 idle_timelimit 30
# Expect queries for group membership to return DN for group members instead of usernames (lets you use MSAD group membership seamlessly)
nss_schema rfc2307bis
# Filters - User accounts must have a UID >= 2000 to be recognized in this configuration and must have a unixHomeDirectory defined.
nss_base_group dc=company,dc=local?sub?&(objectClass=group)(gidNumber=*)
nss_base_user dc=company,dc=local?sub?&(objectClass=user)(!(objectClass=localputer))(uidNumber>=2000)(unixHomeDirectory=*)
nss_base_shadow dc=company,dc=local?sub?&(objectClass=user)(!(objectClass=localputer))(uidNumber>=2000)(unixHomeDirectory=*)
# Object Class mappings.  You may want to have the posixAccount to map to "mail" and have users login with their email addresses, i.e.  "nss_map_objectclass posixAccount mail".
nss_map_objectclass posixAccount user
nss_map_objectclass shadowAccount user
nss_map_objectclass posixGroup group
# Attribute mappings.
nss_map_attribute uniqueMember member
nss_map_attribute uid sAMAccountName
nss_map_attribute homeDirectory unixHomeDirectory
nss_map_attribute shadowLastChange pwdLastSet
# Attribute in LDAP to query to match the username used by PAM for authentication
pam_login_attribute sAMAccountName
# Filter for objects which are allowed to login via PAM
pam_filter objectclass=User

假设您的 Linux 机器正在使用了解 AD 的 DNS 服务器（具有适当 SRV 记录的 _msdcs 区域是可解析的），那么您不需要编辑 /etc/krb5.conf

/etc/nsswitch.conf 应该包含用户、组、影子等“ldap 文件”。

对于使用 SSSD 的 Red Hat：

/etc/sssd/sssd.conf

[domain/AD]
id_provider = ldap
auth_provider = krb5
chpass_provider = krb5
access_provider = ldap

ldap_uri = ldap://ldap.company.local:3268/
ldap_search_base = dc=company,dc=com
ldap_default_bind_dn = cn=ldap-auth-svc,ou=ldap,ou=services,dc=site,dc=company,dc=local
ldap_default_authtok = SooperSekeretPazzwerd
ldap_schema = rfc2307bis
ldap_user_object_class = user
ldap_group_object_class = group
ldap_user_name = sAMAccountName
ldap_user_home_directory = unixHomeDirectory
enumerate = true
ldap_tls_reqcert = never
ldap_tls_cacertdir = /etc/openldap/cacerts

ldap_id_use_start_tls = False
cache_credentials = True
krb5_realm = SITE.COMPANY.COM
case_sensitive = false
[sssd]
services = nss, pam
config_file_version = 2

domains = AD
[nss]
filter_users = root,named,avahi,nscd

Question 3

您正在寻找的软件叫做 Likewise-open。

来自他们的页面：

通过命令行或 GUI 只需一步即可将非 Windows 系统加入 Active Directory 域
在 Windows 和非 Windows 上使用单个用户名和密码对用户进行身份验证
对非 Windows 用户和 Windows 用户强制实施相同的密码策略
通过单向和双向跨林信任支持多个林
在域控制器发生故障时缓存凭据
为 SSH 和 Putty 提供单点登录
支持 Kerberos、NTLM 和 SPNEGO 的下一代身份验证引擎
无需对 Active Directory 进行架构更改

我们已经在一些机器上使用过它，而且似乎运行良好。

http://www.likewise.com/products/likewise_open/

Answer