我在 Github 上有 Colin Johnson 的这个脚本 -https://github.com/colinbjohnson/aws-missing-tools/tree/master/ec2-automate-backup
看起来很棒。我已经修改了它，每次创建或删除 EBS 快照时都会向自己发送电子邮件。下面的方法很管用
ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-myvolumeid" -k 3
但是，它根本没有作为我的 crontab 的一部分执行（我没有收到任何电子邮件）
#一些被注释掉的命令
*/5 * * * * ec2-automate-backup.sh -v “vol-fb2fbcdf” -k 3;
* * * * * 日期 >> /root/logs/crontab.log;
*/5 * * * * 日期 >> /root/logs/crontab2.log
请注意，第二次和第三次执行很好，因为我可以在日志文件中看到日期和时间。
我可能错过了什么？
完整的 ec2-automate-backup.sh 如下：
#!/bin/bash -
# Author: Colin Johnson / [email protected]
# Date: 2012-09-24
# Version 0.1
# License Type: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 3
#
#confirms that executables required for succesful script execution are available
prerequisite_check()
{
for prerequisite in basename ec2-create-snapshot ec2-create-tags ec2-describe-snapshots ec2-delete-snapshot date
do
#use of "hash" chosen as it is a shell builtin and will add programs to hash table, possibly speeding execution. Use of type also considered - open to suggestions.
hash $prerequisite &> /dev/null
if [[ $? == 1 ]] #has exits with exit status of 70, executable was not found
then echo "In order to use `basename $0`, the executable \"$prerequisite\" must be installed." 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 0" [email protected] ; exit 70
fi
done
}
#get_EBS_List gets a list of available EBS instances depending upon the selection_method of EBS selection that is provided by user input
get_EBS_List()
{
case $selection_method in
volumeid)
if [[ -z $volumeid ]]
then echo "The selection method \"volumeid\" (which is $app_name's default selection_method of operation or requested by using the -s volumeid parameter) requires a volumeid (-v volumeid) for operation. Correct usage is as follows: \"-v vol-6d6a0527\",\"-s volumeid -v vol-6d6a0527\" or \"-v \"vol-6d6a0527 vol-636a0112\"\" if multiple volumes are to be selected." 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 1" [email protected] ; exit 64
fi
ebs_selection_string="$volumeid"
;;
tag)
if [[ -z $tag ]]
then echo "The selected selection_method \"tag\" (-s tag) requires a valid tag (-t key=value) for operation. Correct usage is as follows: \"-s tag -t backup=true\" or \"-s tag -t Name=my_tag.\"" 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 2" [email protected] ; exit 64
fi
ebs_selection_string="--filter tag:$tag"
;;
*) echo "If you specify a selection_method (-s selection_method) for selecting EBS volumes you must select either \"volumeid\" (-s volumeid) or \"tag\" (-s tag)." 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 3" [email protected] ; exit 64 ;;
esac
#creates a list of all ebs volumes that match the selection string from above
ebs_backup_list_complete=`ec2-describe-volumes --show-empty-fields --region $region $ebs_selection_string 2>&1`
#takes the output of the previous command
ebs_backup_list_result=`echo $?`
if [[ $ebs_backup_list_result -gt 0 ]]
then echo -e "An error occured when running ec2-describe-volumes. The error returned is below:\n$ebs_backup_list_complete" 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 4" [email protected] ; exit 70
fi
ebs_backup_list=`echo "$ebs_backup_list_complete" | grep ^VOLUME | cut -f 2`
#code to right will output list of EBS volumes to be backed up: echo -e "Now outputting ebs_backup_list:\n$ebs_backup_list"
}
create_EBS_Snapshot_Tags()
{
#snapshot tags holds all tags that need to be applied to a given snapshot - by aggregating tags we ensure that ec2-create-tags is called only onece
snapshot_tags=""
#if $name_tag_create is true then append ec2ab_${ebs_selected}_$date_current to the variable $snapshot_tags
if $name_tag_create
then
ec2_snapshot_resource_id=`echo "$ec2_create_snapshot_result" | cut -f 2`
snapshot_tags="$snapshot_tags --tag Name=ec2ab_${ebs_selected}_$date_current"
fi
#if $purge_after_days is true, then append $purge_after_date to the variable $snapshot_tags
if [[ -n $purge_after_days ]]
then
snapshot_tags="$snapshot_tags --tag PurgeAfter=$purge_after_date --tag PurgeAllow=true"
fi
#if $snapshot_tags is not zero length then set the tag on the snapshot using ec2-create-tags
if [[ -n $snapshot_tags ]]
then echo "Tagging Snapshot $ec2_snapshot_resource_id with the following Tags:"
ec2-create-tags $ec2_snapshot_resource_id --region $region $snapshot_tags
#echo "Snapshot tags successfully created" | mailx -s "Snapshot tags successfully created" [email protected]
fi
}
date_command_get()
{
#finds full path to date binary
date_binary_full_path=`which date`
#command below is used to determine if date binary is gnu, macosx or other
date_binary_file_result=`file -b $date_binary_full_path`
case $date_binary_file_result in
"Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64") date_binary="macosx" ;;
"ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV)"*) date_binary="gnu" ;;
*) date_binary="unknown" ;;
esac
#based on the installed date binary the case statement below will determine the method to use to determine "purge_after_days" in the future
case $date_binary in
gnu) date_command="date -d +${purge_after_days}days -u +%Y-%m-%d" ;;
macosx) date_command="date -v+${purge_after_days}d -u +%Y-%m-%d" ;;
unknown) date_command="date -d +${purge_after_days}days -u +%Y-%m-%d" ;;
*) date_command="date -d +${purge_after_days}days -u +%Y-%m-%d" ;;
esac
}
purge_EBS_Snapshots()
{
#snapshot_tag_list is a string that contains all snapshots with either the key PurgeAllow or PurgeAfter set
snapshot_tag_list=`ec2-describe-tags --show-empty-fields --region $region --filter resource-type=snapshot --filter key=PurgeAllow,PurgeAfter`
#snapshot_purge_allowed is a list of all snapshot_ids with PurgeAllow=true
snapshot_purge_allowed=`echo "$snapshot_tag_list" | grep .*PurgeAllow'\t'true | cut -f 3`
for snapshot_id_evaluated in $snapshot_purge_allowed
do
#gets the "PurgeAfter" date which is in UTC with YYYY-MM-DD format (or %Y-%m-%d)
purge_after_date=`echo "$snapshot_tag_list" | grep .*$snapshot_id_evaluated'\t'PurgeAfter.* | cut -f 5`
#if purge_after_date is not set then we have a problem. Need to alter user.
if [[ -z $purge_after_date ]]
#Alerts user to the fact that a Snapshot was found with PurgeAllow=true but with no PurgeAfter date.
then echo "A Snapshot with the Snapshot ID $snapshot_id_evaluated has the tag \"PurgeAllow=true\" but does not have a \"PurgeAfter=YYYY-MM-DD\" date. $app_name is unable to determine if $snapshot_id_evaluated should be purged." 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 5" [email protected]
else
#convert both the date_current and purge_after_date into epoch time to allow for comparison
date_current_epoch=`date -j -f "%Y-%m-%d" "$date_current" "+%s"`
purge_after_date_epoch=`date -j -f "%Y-%m-%d" "$purge_after_date" "+%s"`
#perform compparison - if $purge_after_date_epoch is a lower number than $date_current_epoch than the PurgeAfter date is earlier than the current date - and the snapshot can be safely removed
if [[ $purge_after_date_epoch < $date_current_epoch ]]
then
echo "The snapshot \"$snapshot_id_evaluated\" with the Purge After date of $purge_after_date will be deleted."
ec2-delete-snapshot --region $region $snapshot_id_evaluated
echo "Old snapshots successfully deleted for $volumeid" | mailx -s "Old snapshots successfully deleted for $volumeid" [email protected]
fi
fi
done
}
#calls prerequisitecheck function to ensure that all executables required for script execution are available
prerequisite_check
app_name=`basename $0`
#sets defaults
selection_method="volumeid"
region="ap-southeast-1"
#date_binary allows a user to set the "date" binary that is installed on their system and, therefore, the options that will be given to the date binary to perform date calculations
date_binary=""
#sets the "Name" tag set for a snapshot to false - using "Name" requires that ec2-create-tags be called in addition to ec2-create-snapshot
name_tag_create=false
#sets the Purge Snapshot feature to false - this feature will eventually allow the removal of snapshots that have a "PurgeAfter" tag that is earlier than current date
purge_snapshots=false
#handles options processing
while getopts :s:r:v:t:k:pn opt
do
case $opt in
s) selection_method="$OPTARG";;
r) region="$OPTARG";;
v) volumeid="$OPTARG";;
t) tag="$OPTARG";;
k) purge_after_days="$OPTARG";;
n) name_tag_create=true;;
p) purge_snapshots=true;;
*) echo "Error with Options Input. Cause of failure is most likely that an unsupported parameter was passed or a parameter was passed without a corresponding option." 1>&2 ; exit 64;;
esac
done
#sets date variable
date_current=`date -u +%Y-%m-%d`
#sets the PurgeAfter tag to the number of days that a snapshot should be retained
if [[ -n $purge_after_days ]]
then
#if the date_binary is not set, call the date_command_get function
if [[ -z $date_binary ]]
then date_command_get
fi
purge_after_date=`$date_command`
echo "Snapshots taken by $app_name will be eligible for purging after the following date: $purge_after_date."
fi
#get_EBS_List gets a list of EBS instances for which a snapshot is desired. The list of EBS instances depends upon the selection_method that is provided by user input
get_EBS_List
#the loop below is called once for each volume in $ebs_backup_list - the currently selected EBS volume is passed in as "ebs_selected"
for ebs_selected in $ebs_backup_list
do
ec2_snapshot_description="ec2ab_${ebs_selected}_$date_current"
ec2_create_snapshot_result=`ec2-create-snapshot --region $region -d $ec2_snapshot_description $ebs_selected 2>&1`
if [[ $? != 0 ]]
then echo -e "An error occured when running ec2-create-snapshot. The error returned is below:\n$ec2_create_snapshot_result" 1>&2 ; exit 70
else
ec2_snapshot_resource_id=`echo "$ec2_create_snapshot_result" | cut -f 2`
echo "Snapshots successfully created for volume $volumeid" | mailx -s "Snapshots successfully created for $volumeid" [email protected]
fi
create_EBS_Snapshot_Tags
done
#if purge_snapshots is true, then run purge_EBS_Snapshots function
if $purge_snapshots
then echo "Snapshot Purging is Starting Now."
purge_EBS_Snapshots
fi
cron日志
Oct 23 10:24:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28214]: (root) CMD (root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-myvolumeid" -k 3;))
Oct 23 10:24:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28215]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:25:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28228]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:25:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28229]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab2.log)
Oct 23 10:26:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28239]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:27:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28247]: (root) CMD (root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-myvolumeid" -k 3;))
Oct 23 10:27:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28248]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:28:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28263]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:29:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28275]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:30:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28292]: (root) CMD (root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-myvolumeid" -k 3;))
Oct 23 10:30:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28293]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:30:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28294]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab2.log)
Oct 23 10:31:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28312]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:32:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28319]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:33:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28325]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:33:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28324]: (root) CMD (root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-myvolumeid" -k 3;))
Oct 23 10:34:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28345]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:35:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28362]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;)
Oct 23 10:35:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28363]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab2.log)
发邮件给 root
From [email protected] Tue Oct 23 06:00:01 2012
Return-Path: <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2012 06:00:01 GMT
From: [email protected] (Cron Daemon)
To: [email protected]
Subject: Cron <root@ip-10-130-153-227> root ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-myvolumeid" -k 3
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Auto-Submitted: auto-generated
X-Cron-Env: <SHELL=/bin/sh>
X-Cron-Env: <HOME=/root>
X-Cron-Env: <PATH=/usr/bin:/bin>
X-Cron-Env: <LOGNAME=root>
X-Cron-Env: <USER=root>
Status: R
/bin/sh: root: command not found
更新 显然，undx 关于 cron 具有有限环境（x-cron-env）的说法是正确的。备份脚本位于 /usr/local/bin/，不包含在 x-cron-env 的 PATH 中。这为我打开了新视野，因为我认为 cron 只是以脚本执行自身的方式执行 shell 脚本。现在开始让 AWS CLI 工具与 cron 一起工作
正如 Colin Johnson 更新了他的脚本，并且正如你们中的一些人指出的那样，我实际上没有必要编辑这样的脚本。我只需要正确使用它（正确理解 CRON 和一些 AWS CLI 工具）。对于像我这样的业余爱好者来说，试图更改 Colin 这样的大师编写的出色脚本也是没有意义的。
从那时起，备份脚本就一直对我很有用。强烈推荐AWS 缺少工具对每个人来说。
答案1
在默认的类 UNIX 系统中，cron 定义了一个最小环境。通常HOME，会定义 、SHELL、 ，并将设置为。LOGNAMEPATH/bin
你有两个解决方案：
- 输入脚本的完整路径。例如：
/home/me/bin/ec2-automate-backup.sh - 改变
PATH环境变量。
如果您想从 cron 守护程序接收电子邮件，请定义MAILTO变量。
[email protected]
PATH=/bin:/home/me/bin
*/5 * * * * ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3
# OR
*/5 * * * * /path/to/script/ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3
答案2
您的 cron 脚本以 开头#!/bin/bash -；但是，cron 会忽略它。
Cron 使用以下方式执行所有命令 /bin/sh。
如果您希望使用 cron 执行 bash 脚本，则需要直接使用 bash 调用它：
*/5 * * * * /bin/bash /full/path/to/your/script
您的脚本使用了 bash 特定的功能，在使用标准 Bourne sh(1) 运行时将会失败。
你提供的脚本存在很多问题；我强烈建议你研究一下 Bash指南获取有关如何编写高效、安全的 bash 脚本的专家建议。
答案3
可执行文件？权限？不要忘记，由于它们是在 cron 内部执行的，因此它们不会以普通用户身份执行（因此您可能会遇到一些权限问题）
如果你把这条线改成
*/5 * * * * root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3;)
答案4
我们也遇到了同样的问题。我们不想创建一个脚本来导出元素，而是获取现有的环境变量，因为这样在配置发生变化时不太容易出错。
我在这里找到了我的解决方案（隐藏在最后的答案中）： AWS 帮助
AWS EBS 的环境变量存储在以下文件中：/opt/elasticbeanstalk/support/envvars。因此，获取或读取此文件对我来说很有帮助。在 root crontab 中，它看起来像这样：
30 2 * * * root . /opt/elasticbeanstalk/support/envvars && php /var/www/bin/some_command.php
像这样，你：
- 只在一个地方维护你的环境变量（你的选择）
- 可以在任何需要的地方使用它们
- 总是使用相同的环境变量