我已经安装了 postfix，当我尝试向 gmail 发送邮件时，它告诉我邮件已发送，但当我在 Gmail 中检查收件箱时却没有看到它。
连接情况如下：
$ telnet localhost 25
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 DarkSenic ESMTP Postfix (Debian/GNU)
HELO localhost.localdomain
250 DarkSenic
MAIL FROM:<[email protected]>
250 2.1.0 Ok
RCPT TO:<[email protected]>
250 2.1.5 Ok
DATA
354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
Subject: Test
test
.
250 2.0.0 Ok: queued as E15692031E9
QUIT
221 2.0.0 Bye
Connection closed by foreign host.
这是我的 main.cf 文件：
# See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version
# Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first
# line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default
# is /etc/mailname.
#myorigin = /etc/mailname
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Debian/GNU)
biff = no
# appending .domain is the MUA's job.
append_dot_mydomain = no
# Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings
#delay_warning_time = 4h
readme_directory = no
# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
smtpd_use_tls=yes
smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
# See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
# information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
myhostname = DarkSenic
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
myorigin = /etc/mailname
mydestination = localhost.localdomain, DarkSenic, localhost.localdomain, localhost
relayhost =
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 [2001:db8:1407:c3a0::]/60 128.66.85.168 10.0.0.0/24
mailbox_command = procmail -a "$EXTENSION"
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
这是我在日志文件中得到的内容：
Dec 28 18:48:23 DarkSenic postfix/smtpd[4623]: connect from unknown[::1]
Dec 28 18:49:18 DarkSenic postfix/smtpd[4623]: B2C422031EA: client=unknown[::1]
Dec 28 18:49:28 DarkSenic postfix/cleanup[5564]: B2C422031EA: message-id=<20141228164918.B2C422031EA@DarkSenic>
Dec 28 18:49:28 DarkSenic postfix/qmgr[16196]: B2C422031EA: from=<[email protected]>, size=322, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Dec 28 18:49:28 DarkSenic postfix/smtp[5565]: fatal: unknown service: smtp/tcp
Dec 28 18:49:29 DarkSenic postfix/qmgr[16196]: warning: private/smtp socket: malformed response
Dec 28 18:49:29 DarkSenic postfix/qmgr[16196]: warning: transport smtp failure -- see a previous warning/fatal/panic logfile record for the problem description
Dec 28 18:49:29 DarkSenic postfix/master[29689]: warning: process /usr/lib/postfix/smtp pid 5565 exit status 1
Dec 28 18:49:29 DarkSenic postfix/master[29689]: warning: /usr/lib/postfix/smtp: bad command startup -- throttling
Dec 28 18:49:29 DarkSenic postfix/error[5566]: B2C422031EA: to=<[email protected]>, relay=none, delay=41, delays=40/1/0/0.05, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (unknown mail transport error)
Dec 28 18:49:30 DarkSenic postfix/smtpd[4623]: disconnect from unknown[::1]
grep smtp /etc/services 给我：
smtp 25/tcp mail
ssmtp 465/tcp smtps # SMTP over SSL
这是我的 master.cf 文件中的内容：
#
# Postfix master process configuration file. For details on the format
# of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master").
#
# Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file.
#
# ==========================================================================
# service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args
# (yes) (yes) (yes) (never) (100)
# ==========================================================================
smtp inet n - - - - smtpd
#smtp inet n - - - 1 postscreen
#smtpd pass - - - - - smtpd
#dnsblog unix - - - - 0 dnsblog
#tlsproxy unix - - - - 0 tlsproxy
#submission inet n - - - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
# -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#smtps inet n - - - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
# -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#628 inet n - - - - qmqpd
pickup fifo n - - 60 1 pickup
cleanup unix n - - - 0 cleanup
qmgr fifo n - n 300 1 qmgr
#qmgr fifo n - n 300 1 oqmgr
tlsmgr unix - - - 1000? 1 tlsmgr
rewrite unix - - - - - trivial-rewrite
bounce unix - - - - 0 bounce
defer unix - - - - 0 bounce
trace unix - - - - 0 bounce
verify unix - - - - 1 verify
flush unix n - - 1000? 0 flush
proxymap unix - - n - - proxymap
proxywrite unix - - n - 1 proxymap
smtp unix - - - - - smtp
relay unix - - - - - smtp
# -o smtp_helo_timeout=5 -o smtp_connect_timeout=5
showq unix n - - - - showq
error unix - - - - - error
retry unix - - - - - error
discard unix - - - - - discard
local unix - n n - - local
virtual unix - n n - - virtual
lmtp unix - - - - - lmtp
anvil unix - - - - 1 anvil
scache unix - - - - 1 scache
#
# ====================================================================
# Interfaces to non-Postfix software. Be sure to examine the manual
# pages of the non-Postfix software to find out what options it wants.
#
# Many of the following services use the Postfix pipe(8) delivery
# agent. See the pipe(8) man page for information about ${recipient}
# and other message envelope options.
# ====================================================================
#
# maildrop. See the Postfix MAILDROP_README file for details.
# Also specify in main.cf: maildrop_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
maildrop unix - n n - - pipe
flags=DRhu user=vmail argv=/usr/bin/maildrop -d ${recipient}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Recent Cyrus versions can use the existing "lmtp" master.cf entry.
#
# Specify in cyrus.conf:
# lmtp cmd="lmtpd -a" listen="localhost:lmtp" proto=tcp4
#
# Specify in main.cf one or more of the following:
# mailbox_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
# virtual_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Cyrus 2.1.5 (Amos Gouaux)
# Also specify in main.cf: cyrus_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
#cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -r ${sender} -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
# Old example of delivery via Cyrus.
#
#old-cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=R user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# See the Postfix UUCP_README file for configuration details.
#
uucp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fqhu user=uucp argv=uux -r -n -z -a$sender - $nexthop!rmail ($recipient)
#
# Other external delivery methods.
#
ifmail unix - n n - - pipe
flags=F user=ftn argv=/usr/lib/ifmail/ifmail -r $nexthop ($recipient)
bsmtp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fq. user=bsmtp argv=/usr/lib/bsmtp/bsmtp -t$nexthop -f$sender $recipient
scalemail-backend unix - n n - 2 pipe
flags=R user=scalemail argv=/usr/lib/scalemail/bin/scalemail-store ${nexthop} ${user} ${extension}
mailman unix - n n - - pipe
flags=FR user=list argv=/usr/lib/mailman/bin/postfix-to-mailman.py
${nexthop} ${user}
为什么它不起作用？我该如何修复它？我在网上找到了一些答案，但它们对我没有用...
感谢您的阅读并祝您有美好的一天:)
答案1
在 Debian 上，postfix 不会读取/etc/services，但希望这些文件存在于queue_directory(通常是 /var/spool/postfix) 中。因此它实际上是在尝试读取/var/spool/postfix/etc/services，但该文件不存在或已损坏。
尝试重新创建此文件，或者更好的是，只是链接它（如果您没有在 chroot 中运行 postfix）。
sudo ln -snf /etc/services /var/spool/postfix/etc/services
如果您正在 chrooting postfix，请复制该文件。
sudo cp -f /etc/services /var/spool/postfix/etc/services
答案2
我遇到了“致命：未知服务：smtp/tcp”错误，因为 SMTP 守护程序以 chroot 方式运行（例如，这是 Debian 上的默认行为），并且 chroot 环境未正确设置。查看官方文档。
要正确设置 chroot 环境，您应该使用examples/chroot-setup源代码分发目录中提供的适用于您平台的脚本。这通常由您的包管理器处理，但如果您从源代码编译或在 Docker 容器中运行，则此步骤对于 chrooted 守护进程的工作来说是必需的。
您可以随时禁用 postfix 守护进程的 chroot（但要注意安全问题），这也可以解决这个问题。
答案3
如果你启用了 chroot，请参阅我的回答以了解如何解决此问题
postfix/smtp：致命：未知服务：smtp/tcp – 但 /var/spool/postfix/etc/services 存在
答案4
致相关人员：我偶然发现了这个错误，但内容或格式/etc/services以及复制到 Postfix chroot 时没有遇到任何问题。相反，我偶然发现了https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs/issues/6803#issuecomment-378271799揭示了在文件系统上使用noexec标志（例如在 下）如何/var/spool阻止加载 Postfix 用来读取的解析器库/etc/services。因此，我必须切换该标志，以便 Postfix 可以读取/etc/services。