在我的 Kubuntu 14.4（以 python 2.7.6 作为标准）上，当我在 python.org 的源代码构建后尝试安装 python 2.7.10 后，我的 python 被破坏了如何在Debian上单独安装或升级最新的Python版本？。我无法使用标准命令修复它，我怀疑我的 dpkg 在 python 安装方面有些混乱/损坏。我想修复 dpkg 这方面的问题。我怀疑这与该文件有关/var/lib/dpkg/status，/var/lib/dpkg/available尤其/var/lib/dpkg/info/*是第一个文件。我想我必须以dpkg某种方式重置，但我是真的没有专家。我这么认为的原因是：
$ apt-cache policy python
python:
Installed: 2.7.10-1
Candidate: 2.7.10-1
Version table:
*** 2.7.10-1 0
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
2.7.5-5ubuntu3 0
500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main amd64 Packages
$ /usr/bin/python2.7
Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit()
这我尝试安装 python 2.7.10 的原因是因为我需要它用于另一个程序（因为 python 2.7.6 的 ssl / openssl 问题），但现在我只想修复我的系统 - 让它成为 python 2.7.6 。
完整的技术
我开始尝试通过在 ubuntu 上询问来解决这个问题https://askubuntu.com/questions/648424/muon-is-gone-after-change-of-python-issues-after-python-2-7-10-installation-on但我在那里没有得到任何答案。也许是错误的人群。从那时起我已经尝试了很多并且知道问题是什么，但不知道完成此操作的步骤。
它开始于我无法安装 muon sudo apg-get install muon：
$ sudo apt-get install muon
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
muon : Depends: apt-xapian-index but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
典型的建议（例如来自https://askubuntu.com/questions/118749/package-system-is-broken-how-to-fix-it）没有帮助：
sudo apt-get autoremove
sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get autoclean
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade -f
sudo apt-get -f install muon
或者
sudo apt-get -f install
或者
sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
sudo apt-get install muon
或者
sudo apt-get -o dpkg::options::="--force-confnew" -o dpkg::options::="--force-confmiss" --reinstall install muon
没有帮助。所以我尝试了
$ sudo apt-get install apt-xapian-index
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
apt-xapian-index : Depends: python-xapian (>= 1.0.2) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: python-apt (>= 0.7.93.2) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: python-debian (>= 0.1.14) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: python:any (>= 2.7.1-0ubuntu2)
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
并发现问题也出在其他程序上，例如
$ sudo apt-get install meld
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
meld : Depends: python:any (>= 2.7.1-0ubuntu2)
Depends: python-gtk2 (>= 2.14) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: python-glade2 (>= 2.14) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: python-gobject-2 (>= 2.16) but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: python-gnome2 but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: python-gconf but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: python-gtksourceview2 (>= 2.4) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
所以我尝试了（没有运气）
$ sudo update-alternatives --config python
update-alternatives: error: no alternatives for python
以下也没有帮助：
sudo dpkg -P python2.7
sudo apt-get install python2.7
sudo dpkg -P python-minimal
sudo apt-get autoremove && sudo apt-get clean sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get -f install
我正进入（状态
$ apt-cache policy python
python:
Installed: 2.7.10-1
Candidate: 2.7.10-1
Version table:
*** 2.7.10-1 0
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
2.7.5-5ubuntu3 0
500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main amd64 Packages
尝试重新安装python还是不行
$ sudo apt-get -o dpkg::options::="--force-confnew" -o dpkg::options::="--force-confmiss" --reinstall install python
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Reinstallation of python is not possible, it cannot be downloaded.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 16 not upgraded.
或者
$ sudo apt-get -o dpkg::options::="--force-confnew" -o dpkg::options::="--force-confmiss" --reinstall install python2
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package python2
并且尝试构建卸载程序也不起作用：
~/Python-2.7.10$ sudo make uninstall
make: *** No rule to make target `uninstall'. Stop.
所以我开始怀疑我必须以某种方式修复 dpkg，因为
$ apt-cache policy python
python:
Installed: 2.7.10-1
Candidate: 2.7.10-1
Version table:
*** 2.7.10-1 0
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
2.7.5-5ubuntu3 0
500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main amd64 Packages
$ /usr/bin/python2.7
Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit()
更多信息（附录）
$ dpkg -l python* | grep -v ^un
Gewünscht=Unbekannt/Installieren/R=Entfernen/P=Vollständig Löschen/Halten
| Status=Nicht/Installiert/Config/U=Entpackt/halb konFiguriert/
Halb installiert/Trigger erWartet/Trigger anhängig
|/ Fehler?=(kein)/R=Neuinstallation notwendig (Status, Fehler: GROSS=schlecht)
||/ Name Version Architektur Beschreibung
+++-===========================================-=======================================-============-=====================================================================================================================================================================================================================
ii python 2.7.10-1 amd64 Python 2.7.10
ii python-apt-common 0.9.3.5ubuntu1 all Python interface to libapt-pkg (locales)
ii python-chardet-whl 2.2.1-2~ubuntu1 all universal character encoding detector
ii python-colorama-whl 0.2.5-0.1ubuntu2 all Cross-platform colored terminal text in Python - Wheels
ii python-cups 1.9.66-0ubuntu2 amd64 Python bindings for CUPS
rc python-cupshelpers 1.4.3+20140219-0ubuntu2.6 all Python modules for printer configuration with CUPS
ii python-dbus-dev 1.2.0-2build2 all main loop integration development files for python-dbus
ii python-distlib-whl 0.1.8-1ubuntu1 all low-level components of python distutils2/packaging
rc python-gobject-2 2.28.6-12build1 amd64 deprecated static Python bindings for the GObject library
ii python-html5lib-whl 0.999-3~ubuntu1 all HTML parser/tokenizer based on the WHATWG HTML5 specification
ii python-ldb 1:1.1.16-1 amd64 Python bindings for LDB
ii python-minimal 2.7.5-5ubuntu3 amd64 minimal subset of the Python language (default version)
ii python-ntdb 1.0-2ubuntu1 amd64 Python bindings for NTDB
ii python-pam 0.4.2-13.1ubuntu3 amd64 Python interface to the PAM library
ii python-pip-whl 1.5.4-1ubuntu3 all alternative Python package installer
ii python-renderpm 3.0-1build1 amd64 python low level render interface
ii python-reportlab-accel 3.0-1build1 amd64 C coded extension accelerator for the ReportLab Toolkit
ii python-requests-whl 2.2.1-1ubuntu0.3 all elegant and simple HTTP library for Python, built for human beings
ii python-setuptools-whl 3.3-1ubuntu2 all Python Distutils Enhancements (wheel package)
ii python-six-whl 1.5.2-1ubuntu1 all Python 2 and 3 compatibility library (universal wheel)
rc python-support 1.0.15 all automated rebuilding support for Python modules
ii python-talloc 2.1.0-1 amd64 hierarchical pool based memory allocator - Python bindings
ii python-tdb 1.2.12-1 amd64 Python bindings for TDB
ii python-twisted-bin 13.2.0-1ubuntu1 amd64 Event-based framework for internet applications
rc python-twisted-core 13.2.0-1ubuntu1 all Event-based framework for internet applications
rc python-ubuntu-sso-client 13.10-0ubuntu6 all Ubuntu Single Sign-On client - Python library
ii python-urllib3-whl 1.7.1-1ubuntu3 all HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling
ii python2.7 2.7.6-8ubuntu0.2 amd64 Interactive high-level object-oriented language (version 2.7)
ii python2.7-minimal 2.7.6-8ubuntu0.2 amd64 Minimal subset of the Python language (version 2.7)
ii python3 3.4.0-0ubuntu2 amd64 interactive high-level object-oriented language (default python3 version)
ii python3-apport 2.14.1-0ubuntu3.11 all Python 3 library for Apport crash report handling
ii python3-apt 0.9.3.5ubuntu1 amd64 Python 3 interface to libapt-pkg
ii python3-aptdaemon 1.1.1-1ubuntu5.2 all Python 3 module for the server and client of aptdaemon
ii python3-chardet 2.2.1-2~ubuntu1 all universal character encoding detector for Python3
ii python3-colorama 0.2.5-0.1ubuntu2 all Cross-platform colored terminal text in Python - Python 3.x
ii python3-commandnotfound 0.3ubuntu12 all Python 3 bindings for command-not-found.
ii python3-dbus 1.2.0-2build2 amd64 simple interprocess messaging system (Python 3 interface)
ii python3-dbus.mainloop.qt 4.10.4+dfsg-1ubuntu1 amd64 D-Bus Support for PyQt4 with Python 3
ii python3-debian 0.1.21+nmu2ubuntu2 all Python 3 modules to work with Debian-related data formats
ii python3-defer 1.0.6-2build1 all Small framework for asynchronous programming (Python 3)
ii python3-dev 3.4.0-0ubuntu2 amd64 header files and a static library for Python (default)
ii python3-distlib 0.1.8-1ubuntu1 all low-level components of python distutils2/packaging
ii python3-distupgrade 1:0.220.7 all manage release upgrades
ii python3-gdbm:amd64 3.4.0-0ubuntu1 amd64 GNU dbm database support for Python 3.x
ii python3-gi 3.12.0-1ubuntu1 amd64 Python 3 bindings for gobject-introspection libraries
ii python3-html5lib 0.999-3~ubuntu1 all HTML parser/tokenizer based on the WHATWG HTML5 specification (Python 3)
ii python3-minimal 3.4.0-0ubuntu2 amd64 minimal subset of the Python language (default python3 version)
ii python3-pip 1.5.4-1ubuntu3 all alternative Python package installer - Python 3 version of the package
ii python3-pkg-resources 3.3-1ubuntu2 all Package Discovery and Resource Access using pkg_resources
ii python3-problem-report 2.14.1-0ubuntu3.11 all Python 3 library to handle problem reports
ii python3-pycurl 7.19.3-0ubuntu3 amd64 Python 3 bindings to libcurl
ii python3-pykde4 4:4.13.3-0ubuntu0.1 amd64 Python 3 bindings for the KDE Development Platform
ii python3-pyqt4 4.10.4+dfsg-1ubuntu1 amd64 Python3 bindings for Qt4
ii python3-requests 2.2.1-1ubuntu0.3 all elegant and simple HTTP library for Python3, built for human beings
ii python3-setuptools 3.3-1ubuntu2 all Python3 Distutils Enhancements
ii python3-sip 4.15.5-1build1 amd64 Python 3/C++ bindings generator runtime library
ii python3-six 1.5.2-1ubuntu1 all Python 2 and 3 compatibility library (Python 3 interface)
ii python3-software-properties 0.92.37.3 all manage the repositories that you install software from
ii python3-uno 1:4.2.8-0ubuntu2 amd64 Python-UNO bridge
ii python3-update-manager 1:0.196.13 all python 3.x module for update-manager
ii python3-urllib3 1.7.1-1ubuntu3 all HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling for Python3
ii python3-wheel 0.24.0-1~ubuntu1 all built-package format for Python
ii python3-xkit 0.5.0ubuntu2 all library for the manipulation of xorg.conf files (Python 3)
ii python3.4 3.4.0-2ubuntu1.1 amd64 Interactive high-level object-oriented language (version 3.4)
ii python3.4-dev 3.4.0-2ubuntu1.1 amd64 Header files and a static library for Python (v3.4)
ii python3.4-minimal 3.4.0-2ubuntu1.1 amd64 Minimal subset of the Python language (version 3.4)
$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 14.04.2 LTS
Release: 14.04
Codename: trusty
$ grep -P '^[ \t]*[^#[ \t]+' /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu trusty partner
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://cran.uni-muenster.de/bin/linux/ubuntu trusty/
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/fossfreedom-packagefixes-trusty.list:deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/fossfreedom/packagefixes/ubuntu trusty main
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi.list:deb http://download.jitsi.org/deb unstable/
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/leviatan1-ppa-trusty.list:deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/leviatan1/ppa/ubuntu trusty main
$ whereis python
python: /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python3.4-config /usr/bin/python3.4 /usr/bin/python3.4m /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python3.4m-config /etc/python /etc/python3.4 /etc/python2.7 /usr/lib/python3.4 /usr/lib/python2.7 /usr/bin/X11/python /usr/bin/X11/python3.4-config /usr/bin/X11/python3.4 /usr/bin/X11/python3.4m /usr/bin/X11/python2.7 /usr/bin/X11/python3.4m-config /usr/local/lib/python3.4 /usr/local/lib/python2.7 /usr/include/python3.4 /usr/include/python3.4m /usr/share/python /usr/share/man/man1/python.1.gz
$ whereis python2.7
python2: /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python2 /etc/python2.7 /usr/lib/python2.7 /usr/bin/X11/python2.7 /usr/bin/X11/python2 /usr/local/lib/python2.7 /usr/share/man/man1/python2.1.gz
答案1
您安装的 Python 软件包比您的发行版提供的软件包更新。例如，您python安装了版本 2.7.10-1，但您的发行版只有版本 2.7.5-5ubuntu3。
除非明确告知，否则 APT 不会降级软件包。因此，例如，如果您尝试安装依赖于 Python 确切版本的软件包，它将无法工作，因为该python软件包无法降级。甚至apt-get --reinstall install python会失败，因为 APT 不会将 Python 降级到 2.7.5。
为了修复您的系统，您需要允许 APT 执行降级。为此，定义APT 偏好设置。创建一个文件，/etc/apt/preferences.d/allow-downgrade其中包含
Package: *
Pin: release o=Ubuntu
Pin-Priority: 1001
/etc/apt/preferences.d(plus )中的文件/etc/apt/preferences包含优先级声明，当包的多个版本可用时，这些优先级声明会覆盖默认选择，即“首选目标发行版中的最新版本”。为包指定超过 1000 的优先级会导致优先选择该包，即使该包的版本比优先级较低的包旧。已安装的软件包的优先级为 500，因此来自 Ubuntu 的软件包获胜。欲了解更多信息，请参阅：
man apt_preferences
我认为一旦你确定了这些优先事项，你就可以运行
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
将所有软件包降级到 Ubuntu 中的版本（不在 Ubuntu 中的软件包不会被删除）。同时运行apt-get -f install并且在成功完成之前不要尝试安装任何其他软件。
一切降级后，删除首选项文件并apt-get update再次运行。
答案2
我发现只有一种方法有效。
第 1 步：从以下位置下载 python 2.7 deb 包这里并安装它
sudo dpkg -i <package-name>使用dbkg工具列出与python相关的所有内容
sudo dpkg -l | grep python删除上面找到的所有内容
sudo dpkg --purge --force-all 包名称
试着做
sudo apt upgrade
它会在最后给你一个损坏的软件包列表。使用步骤 3 删除它们
重复步骤 3-4，直到 sudo apt Upgrade 不再出现任何错误
您可能需要使用作为 deb 包安装的 python 2.7 的位置创建到 /usr/bin/python 的符号链接。 （
locate bin/python） 和ln -s <path> /usr/bin/python此时 python 应该已修复。但是 do-release-upgrade （阅读手册了解如何更新到最新的 ubuntu，而不是 LTS）